Cell rewind wins medicine Nobel
Posted: October 9, 2012 at 6:11 am
John Gurdon (left) and Shinya Yamanaka showed how to reprogram cells into their embryonic states.
J. Player/Rex Features; Aflo/Rex Features
The discovery that cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state has won this years Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for two leading lights of stem-cell research: John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka.
Reprogrammed cells regain pluripotency, the potential to differentiate into many mature cell types. Many researchers hope that cells created in this way will eventually be used in regenerative medicine, providing replacement tissue for damaged or diseased organs. The field has become one of the hottest in biology, but the prizewinners discoveries were not without controversy when they were made.
Gurdon, who is based at the Gurdon Institute in Cambridge, UK, was the first person to demonstrate that cells could be reprogrammed, in work published 50years ago1. At the time, scientists believed that cellular specialization was a one-way process that could not be reversed. Gurdon overturned that dogma by removing the nucleus from a frog egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus from a tadpoles intestinal cell. Remarkably, the process was able to turn back the cellular clock of the substitute nucleus. Although it had already committed to specialization, inside the egg cell it acted like an eggs nucleus and directed the development of a normal tadpole.
Gurdon was a graduate student at the University of Oxford, UK, when he did the work. He received his doctorate in 1960 and went on to do a postdoc at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, leaving his frogs in Europe. He did not publish the research until two years after he got his PhD, once he was sure that the animals had matured healthily. I was a graduate student flying in the face of [established] knowledge, he says. There was a lot of scepticism.
Mammalian cells did not prove as amenable to this process, known as cloning by nuclear transfer, as frog cells. It was nearly 35years before the first cloned mammal Dolly the sheep was born, in 1996. Dolly was the only live birth from 277 attempts, and mammalian cloning remained a hit-and-miss affair.
Scientists were desperate to improve the efficiency of the system and to understand the exact molecular process involved. That is where Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University, Japan, made his mark. Yamanaka who was born the year that Gurdon published his formative paper used cultured mouse cells to identify the genes that kept embryonic cells immature, and then tested whether any of these genes could reprogram mature cells to make them pluripotent.
In the mid-2000s, the stem-cell community knew that Yamanaka was close. I remember when he presented the data at a 2006 Keystone symposium, says Cdric Blanpain, a stem-cell biologist at the Free University of Brussels. At that time he didnt name them and everyone was betting what these magic factors could be.
A few months later, attendees at the 2006 meeting of the International Society for Stem Cell Research in Toronto, Canada, packed out Yamanakas lecture. The audience waited in silence before he announced his surprisingly simple recipe: activating just four genes was enough to turn adult cells called fibroblasts back into pluripotent stem cells2. Such induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells could then be coaxed into different types of mature cell types, including nerve and heart cells.
Continue reading here:
Cell rewind wins medicine Nobel
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and ... - October 30th, 2015
- Molecular & Cellular Medicine - October 29th, 2015
- Sickle cell anemia Treatments and drugs - Mayo Clinic - October 29th, 2015
- How are stem cells used in medicine today? - HowStuffWorks - October 29th, 2015
- Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity An Open Access ... - October 29th, 2015
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology - October 29th, 2015
- Sickle Cell Anemia: MedlinePlus - National Library of Medicine - October 29th, 2015
- Personalized RegenerativeMedicine : Dr David Steenblock - October 29th, 2015
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine - October 29th, 2015
- The Power of Stem Cells | California's Stem Cell Agency - October 29th, 2015
- Herbal medicine | Cancer Research UK - October 29th, 2015
- UR Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute (SCRMI) - October 29th, 2015
- Penn Medicine News: Genetically Modified "Serial Killer" T ... - October 29th, 2015
- Beta cell regeneration - Center for Regenerative Medicine ... - October 29th, 2015
- The Stem Cell Theory of Cancer - Stanford Medicine Center - October 29th, 2015
- What is a cell? - Genetics Home Reference - October 16th, 2015
- Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine - University of Utah ... - October 13th, 2015
- Sickle Cell Anemia: Learn About SCD Symptoms and Treatment - September 26th, 2015
- Research - Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ... - September 26th, 2015
- Sickle Cell Disease (Sickle Cell Anemia ... - MedicineNet - September 26th, 2015
- T Cell Therapy (CTL019) | The Children's Hospital of ... - September 15th, 2015
- Knoepfler Lab Stem Cell Blog | Building innovative ... - September 10th, 2015
- Cell culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - September 6th, 2015
- What are the potential uses of human stem cells and the ... - August 17th, 2015
- One type of airway cell can regenerate another lung cell type - April 13th, 2015
- Limber Lungs: One Type of Airway Cell Can Regenerate Another Lung Cell Type - April 13th, 2015
- Regenestem Network Announces Plans to Attend the 23rd Annual World Congress on Anti-Aging Medicine May 7-9, 2015 - April 6th, 2015
- 'Open' stem cell chromosomes reveal new possibilities for diabetes - April 3rd, 2015
- Key mechanism identified in tumor-cell proliferation in pediatric bone cancers - April 3rd, 2015
- UCI team gets $5 million to create stem cell treatment for Huntington's disease - March 28th, 2015
- Sungduan: Growth factors - March 28th, 2015
- Cleveland Clinic Researchers First to Demonstrate Significant Blocking of Opioid Tolerance With Mesenchymal Stem Cell ... - March 25th, 2015
- Johns Hopkins Medicine, based in Baltimore, Maryland - March 23rd, 2015
- stem cell medicine Jakarta tangerang serpong bsd bintaro - Video - March 21st, 2015
- Global Stem Cells Group to Hold Practical Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Harvesting, Isolation and Re-integration Training ... - March 20th, 2015
- Boston Stem Cell Biotech Start-up Asymmetrex Will Present Essential Technologies for Stem Cell Medical Engineering at ... - March 18th, 2015
- A Single-Cell Breakthrough: newly developed technology dissects properties of single stem cells - March 18th, 2015
- BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics to Present at 3rd Annual Regen Med Investor Day on March 25 in New York - March 18th, 2015
- Global Stem Cells Group to Participate in the 25th Argentine Congress of Aesthetic Medicine in Buenos Aires April 9-10 ... - March 17th, 2015
- Boosting A Natural Protection Against Alzheimer's Disease - March 13th, 2015
- Media portray unrealistic timelines for stem cell therapies - March 12th, 2015
- Stem cells lurking in tumors can resist treatment - March 12th, 2015
- Building custom blood cells to battle sickle cell disease - March 11th, 2015
- Johns Hopkins researchers engineer custom blood cells - March 10th, 2015
- Targazyme Inc. Receives Orphan Drug Designation to TZ101 for Use With Regulatory T Cells to Prevent & Reduce the ... - March 10th, 2015
- Mast cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - March 9th, 2015
- Achieving gender equality in science, engineering and medicine - March 9th, 2015
- Seven strategies to advance women in science - March 9th, 2015
- British biotech firm sets crowdfunding record with heart drug - March 9th, 2015
- A good night's sleep keeps your stem cells young - March 9th, 2015
- Howe's recovery shows stem-cell advances - March 1st, 2015
- Translational Regenerative Medicine: Market Prospects 2015-2025 - February 28th, 2015
- Stem cellrecruiting hydrogels based on self-assembling peptides for tissue regeneration - February 25th, 2015
- Sertoli cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - February 17th, 2015
- Global Stem Cells Group Announces Alliance with Regenerative Technology - February 11th, 2015
- Biotech firm Cell Therapy claims crowdfunding record with heart drug - February 10th, 2015
- Two UC San Diego Scientists Receive Stem Cell Technology Grants - February 3rd, 2015
- Regenestem Network and Gilberto Hernandez Falcon, M.D. Open Stem Cell Clinic in Yucatan - January 31st, 2015
- Global Stem Cells Group and Regenestem Network Announce Launch of New Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Clinic in ... - January 29th, 2015
- Asymmetrex Scheduled to Present Unique Perspectives in Stem Cell Biology and Recent Advances in Technologies for Adult ... - January 29th, 2015
- Gordie Howe's stem cell therapy raises concerns among medical experts - January 29th, 2015
- Gordie Howe's stem cell therapy raises concerns among experts - January 29th, 2015
- BioTime Announces Issuance of 14 New Patents in the Fields of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell Technology, and Cancer ... - January 27th, 2015
- Keeping the Kraken asleep - January 27th, 2015
- Helmholtz International Fellow Award for Prof. Amanda Fisher from London - January 27th, 2015
- Regenestem Network, a division of Global Stem Cells Group, Announces Launch of New Stem Cells and Regenerative ... - January 22nd, 2015
- Scientists announce revolutionary culturing technique for liver and pancreas - January 22nd, 2015
- New Type of Cell Found to Repair Lung Injury in Mice - January 18th, 2015
- Stem cells derived from amniotic tissues have immunosuppressive properties - January 16th, 2015
- Global Stem Cells Group to Move Headquarters to Larger Miami Lakes Office Complex - January 14th, 2015
- Peter S. Kim Named the Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Professor of Biochemistry at Stanford - January 13th, 2015
- Renowned professor's book addresses stem cell biology & regenerative medicine - January 13th, 2015
- Circadian rhythms regulate skin stem cell metabolism and expansion, study finds - January 7th, 2015
- Cord Blood Banking Leader, Cryo-Cell International, Continues to Support the Advancement of Regenerative Medicine - January 6th, 2015
- Scientists Develop Pioneering Method to Define Stages of Stem Cell Reprogramming - January 6th, 2015
- Pioneering method developed to define stages of stem cell reprogramming - January 6th, 2015
- The Irvine Stem Cell Treatment Center Announces Adult Stem Cell Public Seminars in Orange County, California - January 5th, 2015
- Ten years in, California's stem cell program is getting a reboot - January 4th, 2015
- Two-thirds of cancer cases are "bad luck," study says - January 1st, 2015
- 'Bad Luck' of Random Mutations Plays Predominant Role in Cancer, Study Shows - January 1st, 2015