Archive for September, 2019

Youll be glowing.

Skincare brand Andalou has introduced a new product line to its naturally-derived offering, citing hemp as a total skin saver.

The brand formulates its innovative products around fruit stem cell science, which utilises antioxidants that occur in apples, grapes and other natural ingredients.

For the new CannaCell range, stem cells are extracted from the stalk of hemp plants and included in each product along with organic hemp seed oil.

While the vitamin and protein-rich oil helps soothe distressed skin and boost water retention, the stem cells work to prevent oxidative damage, and counteract sun exposure and pollution.

Leading the pack for the new line is Andalous CannaCell Glow Mask. The exfoliating, botanical enzyme-based mask has a jelly-like consistency and warms the skin while it works its magic.

Then, after a relaxing 10-20 minutes, youll find your skin hydrated, soothed and glowing.

The CannaCell range is available online now.

@andalounaturals_au

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You can now use plant stem cells to rejuvenate your skin - Fashion Journal

The news that Formula One legend Michael Schumacher was moved to a hospital in Paris last week for pioneering stem cell therapy has provoked a fever of hope and speculation among fans that his condition could be improved.

After suffering devastating head injuries in a ski accident almost six years ago, Schumacher was placed in a coma for six months and has been receiving treatment at his home in Switzerland. He has not been seen in public since the accident.

His privacy is closely guarded and, while it is understood he cannot walk or stand, and, according to former Ferrari manager, Jean Todt, he may still have trouble communicating, nothing has been confirmed officially.

No wonder then that fans have been so excited to hear Schumacher is now under the care of world-renowned cardiac surgeon Philippe Menasch, described as a "pioneer in cell surgery" at the Georges-Pompidou hospital in Paris.

READ MORE:* Schumacher 'conscious' after treatment*Corinna Schumacher provides rare update*Schumacher 'struggles' to communicate*Mick Schumacher trying to emulate his dad

Stem cells are cells that can differentiate or change into other types of cell, opening the possibility of replacing damaged cells with healthy ones. Scientists have been looking into their use since the Sixties, most successfully so far in cases of cancers of the blood or bone marrow. More than 26,000 patients are treated with blood stem cells in Europe each year.

And since the Eighties, skin stem cells have been used to grow skin grafts for patients with life-threatening burns; most recently, a new stem cell-based treatment to repair damage to the cornea (the surface of the eye) after an injury like a chemical burn, has received conditional approval in Europe.

But their flexibility offers hope for lots of illnesses and conditions including heart disease, MS and macular degeneration and clinical trials are progressing in all these areas. Chronic spinal cord injury is being researched with some promise, thanks to the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, set up after actor Christopher Reeve was paralysed in a riding accident.

Crucially, for cases such as Schumacher, stem cells are also being explored for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's and traumatic brain injuries like the one he suffered in a skiing accident in December 2013.

Head injuries are difficult to treat as brain damage cannot be undone and each case is different. Asked for comment by The Daily Telegraph, the hospital responded that they could neither confirm nor deny the presence of Schumacher.

However, if he is under the care of Menasch, it is likely he will have had stem cells delivered by an IV to the area of the body where it is felt they could work best - whether that is his head or heart.

CHRISTOPHE ENA/AP

Paris' Georges-Pompidou Hospital, where Michael Schumacher is reportedly a patient.

In a recent interview online, Menasch explained that stem cell treatment for cardiac conditions - his particular area of expertise - is in its infancy. "Nobody really knows how stem cells are working," he said. "They do not permanently transplant into the myocardium [the muscular tissue of the heart] - after a couple of days or weeks, they just disappear.

"But you still may have a functional benefit as during their transient stay in the heart," he explains in the Future Tech podcast, "as the cells release molecules into the tissue. The hypothesis is that the repair comes from the heart itself, stimulated by these molecules."

Should the stem cells have been intended for Schumacher's brain injury, research suggests that the treatment has potential. A University of Plymouth study published in the journal Cell Reports in June found that neural stem cells could be used to "wake up" and produce new neurons (nerve cells) and surrounding glial cells in the brain.

The research is in its infancy, says lead author Dr Claudia Barros, from the Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine at the University of Plymouth, who acknowledges there is still a long way to go until such findings can be translated into human treatments.

"We are working to expand our findings, to bring us closer to the day when human neural stem cells can be controlled and efficiently used to facilitate brain damage repair, or even prevent brain cancer growth that is fuelled by stem-like cells," she says.

A Chinese study published last month in the journal Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience examined the current state of progress into the effects of stem cell therapy on traumatic brain injury. But the researchers from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou warned much more work was needed: "Although a large number of basic studies have confirmed that stem cells have good effect in the craniocerebral injury," they said, "the safety of stem cells, the route of injection, the time of injection and the specific mechanism are all factors that affect the clinical application of stem cells, and are the important research point in the future study."

PREMA TEAM

Mick Schumacher doesn't mind the comparisons with his seven-time F1 champion father Michael.

In the UK, some applications of stem cell medicine are already available privately, although tightly controlled by the Human Tissue Authority and not in the brain.

Simon Checkley, CEO at the Regenerative Clinic in Brighton, explains: "It is possible to get stem cells from sources outside your body, like the umbilical cord or Wharton's jelly [the vitreous humour in the eyeball], but in the UK we can only take stem cells from our own bodies.

"It is possible to get them donated, but it is safer to use your own."

In some countries, stem cells can then be manipulated in a laboratory but that is illegal in the UK, says Checkley. "There is a concern with cultured stem cells which have been bred in a Petri dish that they may keep proliferating after you transplant them into a body. That, having triggered their growth, you can't stop it and no one knows what might happen."

At the Regenerative Clinic, stem cells are taken from adipose fat, where they are plentiful, and then injected back into the area to be treated - mostly arthritic joints.

"We are seeing fantastic results," Checkley says, "with reduced pain and improved mobility for 80 per cent of patients." He is considering a clinical trial which could see the treatment pass through the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and become available on the NHS.

The therapy is still only four years old, he emphasises. "We have treated 1000 patients so far and around the world, it's about 40,000. We need longer-term studies."

LUCA BRUNO/AP

Michael Schumacher has not been seen in public since suffering a serious brain injury in a skiing accident nearly six years ago.

This type of stem cell treatment is also offered in the UK for post-menopause vaginal atrophy and stress incontinence, Checkley says, plus the genital skin condition lichen sclerosis. In all these cases, he says, the mechanism is the same: the stem cells are not replicating dead or dying cells but acting as signalling devices, alerting the body that this is an area where healing is needed.

For stem cells to work in more complex conditions, they would need to be manipulated, Checkley says. In cases of brain injury or disease, that would mean altering stem cells so that they could be targeted more precisely. But he believes the role would be similar: "The idea is they would go to the area of greatest damage and signal the body to regrow tissue there."

Cost would be a huge factor, he points out. A treatment for arthritis costs about 6000 (NZ$11,700) at the Regenerative Clinic but an IV-led treatment for brain injury with manipulated stem cells could cost up to 50,000 (NZ$98,000). But then what price recovery from a traumatic brain injury? Full recovery thanks to stem cells would be a prize beyond value.

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Reported stem cell treatment could give hope to Michael Schumacher - Stuff.co.nz

The legal and regulatory tools designed to protect the public from the marketing of unproven stem cell therapies will remain ineffective without bureaucratic will and grassroots efforts, according to a University of Alberta health law expert.

There's this perception that stem cells are revolutionizing science and they have transformed medicine already, but that's just not the case, said Timothy Caulfield.

You see the word stem cells being used to sell everything from skin cream to sports recovery tools to supplements, it's absolutely everywhere.

Caulfield, who refers to the marketing of spurious stem cell treatments as scienceploitation, explained there are actually only a handful of such therapies that have been approved for use in a clinical setting.

The most well known is probably the use of stem cells in bone marrow transplants and certain kinds of leukemiabut these therapies have been around for decades, he said, adding other stem cell therapies have shown some effectiveness in the treatment of bad burns and blindness.

But that's it.

In a paper outlining a strategy to combat the spread of misrepresentation within this field, Caulfield and Health Law Institute research associate Blake Murdoch argued the first step is to leverage the powers wielded by the provincial colleges of physicians and surgeons.

We need a more robust response from them because they have the power to stop their members from marketing treatments inappropriately and from offering services that are unproven, said Caulfield.

We haven't seen that, and it really is their role to protect the public.

He added organizations aimed at stopping the spread of misinformation and inaccurate marketinglike Ad Standards, Canadas advertising industry's non-profit self-regulating body, or Competition Bureau Canada, the federal advertising regulatorcan also be more involved.

While the Competition Bureau can only prohibit clinics from using misleading advertising and

not the provision of unproven interventions, this would help to stop the spread of misinformation, which may curtail public interest, said Caulfield.

He added political pressure on federal and provincial lawmakers could encourage change and allow a more comprehensive response, but noted that targeting the marketing of these treatments might be the more politically palatable course of action.

I think a really good logical first step is if you're going to market this stuff, if you're going to offer these services, the information you're using to market the services has to be accurate.

Even as the paper was being published, Caulfield said Health Canada weighed in by stating stem cell therapies need its approval.

Basically, if youre an MD, and you're providing stem cell therapy, you need to get it approved, said Caulfield. In the paper, we said Health Canada has got to get more aggressive, and thankfully, we're starting to see some action in that space.

He said ultimately, however, responses from Canadas regulatory bodies are often triggered by complaints from the public.

I've actually spoken to regulators, and theyre not hearing complaints about people being injured by stem cell treatment, said Caulfield. Of course, just because something is safe, doesn't mean it's a good idea.

Not only have some of these treatments shown to have caused real harm while offering little more than hope, Caulfield said there is a financial exploitation element, all of which can only leave a black mark on the science.

The spread of clinics marketing these interventions may, over the long term, damage public trust in legitimate regenerative technologies, thus adversely impacting their future development, he said. It confuses what is an incredibly promising field.

The most perplexing element of the proliferation of these treatments is the involvement of medical professionals who should know better, Caulfield said.

The team went into the analysis with the hypothesis that alternative practitioners were the ones providing and marketing stem cell therapies. This was true, but Caulfield said they were surprised to find that an MD was often involved.

I've been in the room with these health providers, and you get the sense that many of them believe it works.

More:
Regulatory heft needed to curb false promises on stem cells, says health law expert - Folio - University of Alberta

Scientists have developed a baseball cap that zaps your scalp and could reverse male balding.

Experts first created a wireless patch that can stimulate the scalp with electric pulses to encourage hair growth.

The 0.4-inch-thick plastic patch contains layers of differently charged materials that produce electricity when they come into contact and separate again.

Its a phenomenon known as the triboelectric effect and can result in faster hair re-growth than being hooked up to a machine for several hours a day. The team, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, tested it out on the backs of shaved lab rats and found that when they moved it caused the flexible patch to bend and stretch.

They found that this movement activated the triboelectric effect and noted faster growth than in rats who had been given minoxidil lotion a common hair loss treatment.

Next the team, led by Xudong Wang, tested the patch on mice that were hairless because of a genetic deficiency.

They found that after nine days, 2-mm-long fur had grown on their skin under the patch compared with 0.8-inch-long hair that had grown on skin treated with minoxidil.

The density of the hair was also three times greater for the patch-treated areas.

Wang also tested the patch on his dad, who has been going bald for the past few years.

It helped him to grow a lot of new hairs after one month, he told New Scientist.

His team has now designed a baseball cap that encases the whole scalp in triboelectric materials.

Wang is seeking approval to test it in men in a clinical trial.

He says it shouldnt be uncomfortable to wear because it produces very gentle electric pulses.

However, the hat will only work in men who are currently losing their hair or have recently become bald, because the skin loses its ability to generate new hair follicles after many years of baldness, he added.

Its also unlikely to work as well when men sleep because they dont produce as many movements to power the device.

Small head movements during normal daily activity should be enough to power the device, he added.

Previously, we reported on a breakthrough treatment from a team of scientists who say they have used stem cells to develop a way of making unlimited hair.

In groundbreaking trials, human cells were grafted on to mice cells and attached to tiny scaffolds to help them grow straight.

They were then placed under the skin and emerged through it.

The team is now working toward tests on humans.

Around four in 10 Brit fellas suffer some form of baldness.

Read more here:
Cap that zaps your scalp could reverse male balding - New York Post

While manycelebrities swear that "tons of water and leafy greens" are the onlytwo factors behind an angelic red-carpet glow, Mandy Moore has alwaysbeen an open book with her fans, constantly documenting her friendship with herlongtime glam squad, the Streicher Sisters, and the work it takes to prep for abig event. Another piece of her glam squad she relies on, especially beforetomorrow's Emmy Awards? Her facialist.

In preparation fortomorrow's show, the This Is Us starwill be visiting her esthetician, Biba de Sousa, in Los Angeles for a specific"Red Carpet Skin Prep" treatment, complete with a very traditional,very interesting-looking facial that promises standout results. Below, the step-by-step from the skin expert herself.

You May Also Like:The 8 Beauty Products Mandy Moore Calls Her Favorites

Step one: For agentle, non-abrasive cleanse, de Sousa's soon-to-be-released micellar waterwill be used all over the skin, then she'll apply a "hydrating enzymaticmask to remove dead skin cells." Up next is lymphatic drainage of the faceand entire upper bodya must-try if you're looking to de-puff before a bigevent.

Now for the funstuff. Moore doesn't just get any old facialde Sousa incorporates a"DermaCulture system"with galvanic current, which she describes as one of the oldestaesthetic modalities (it got pushed aside by microcurrent machines). In fact,the machine is no longer manufactured"you have to wait until anesthetician retires in order to get their machine," she adds.

The time-testedtreatment consists of layers of gauze bandages soaked in a specificsolutionthink yucca root extract, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate and vitamin Capplied to the skin. Then, an old-timey galvanic mask is applied on top"to target tissue rejuvenation and firming via galvanic currents," deSousa explains. While definitely scary-looking (see below for proof from a brave beauty editor!), the results are said to be nothing short of incredible.

The finishing touch: a peptide-infused plant stem cell serum to keep skin looking dewybut we know what the real secret is.

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Mandy Moore Relies on a Galvanic Facial Before the Red Carpet - NewBeauty Magazine

HTF MI recently Announced Global Stem Cells study with 100+ market data Tables and Figures spread through Pages and easy to understand detailed TOC on Stem Cells. Global Stem Cells research allows you to get different methods for maximizing your profit. The research study provides estimates for Global Stem Cells Forecast till 2025*. Some of the Leading key Companys Covered for this Research are CCBC, Vcanbio, Boyalife & Beikebiotech.

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Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types. Commonly, stem cells come from two main sources: Embryos formed during the blastocyst phase of embryological development (embryonic stem cells) and Adult tissue (adult stem cells).Both types are generally characterized by their potency, or potential to differentiate into different cell types (such as skin, muscle, bone, etc.).Stem Cells market, by technology, is Cell Acquisition, Cell Production, Cryopreservation, Expansion, and Sub-Culture. Stem Cell Therapy in China is not mature, so in this report we mainly cover Stem Cell Banking market.Stem Cells market, by technology, is Cell Acquisition, Cell Production, Cryopreservation, Expansion, and Sub-Culture. Stem Cell Therapy in China is not mature, so in this report we mainly cover Stem Cell Banking market.The global Stem Cells market is valued at xx million US$ in 2017 and will reach xx million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% during 2018-2025.

Global Stem Cells Research for a Leading company is an intelligent process of gathering and analyzing the numerical data related to services and products. This Research Give idea to aims at your targeted customers understanding, needs and wants. Also, reveals how effectively a company can meet their requirements. The market research collects data about the customers, marketing strategy, competitors. The Stem Cells Manufacturing industry is becoming increasingly dynamic and innovative, with more number of private players entering the industry.

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Following are list of players that are currently profiled in the report CCBC, Vcanbio, Boyalife & Beikebiotech

** List of companies mentioned may vary in the final report subject to Name Change / Merger etc.2) What will the market size be in 2025 and what will the growth rate be?In 2019, the Global Stem Cells market size was xx million USD and it is expected to reach USD xx million by the end of 2025, with a CAGR of xx% during 2019-2025.

3) By What Applications & Types Does Market Study is Segmented:

The study is segmented by following Product Type: , Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cell, Adult Stem Cell & Other

Major applications/end-users industry are: Diseases Therapy & Healthcare

**The market is valued based on weighted average selling price (WASP) and includes any applicable taxes on manufacturers. All currency conversions used in the creation of this report have been calculated using constant annual average 2018 currency rates.

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Competitive Analysis:The key players are highly focusing innovation in production technologies to improve efficiency and shelf life. The best long-term growth opportunities for this sector can be captured by ensuring ongoing process improvements and financial flexibility to invest in the optimal strategies. Company profile section of players such as CCBC, Vcanbio, Boyalife & Beikebiotech includes its basic information like legal name, website, headquarters, its market position, historical background and top 5 closest competitors by Market capitalization / revenue along with contact information. Each player/ manufacturer revenue figures, growth rate and gross profit margin is provided in easy to understand tabular format for past 5 years and a separate section on recent development like mergers, acquisition or any new product/service launch etc.Research Parameter/ Research Methodology

Primary Research:The primary sources involves the industry experts from the Global Stem Cells industry including the management organizations, processing organizations, analytics service providers of the industrys value chain. All primary sources were interviewed to gather and authenticate qualitative & quantitative information and determine the future prospects.

In the extensive primary research process undertaken for this study, the primary sources industry experts such as CEOs, vice presidents, marketing director, technology & innovation directors, founders and related key executives from various key companies and organizations in the Global Stem Cells in the industry have been interviewed to obtain and verify both qualitative and quantitative aspects of this research study.

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In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of Global Stem Cells are as follows:History Year: 2013-2018Base Year: 2018Estimated Year: 2019Forecast Year 2019 to 2025

Key Stakeholders in Global Stem Cells Market:Global Stem Cells ManufacturersGlobal Stem Cells Distributors/Traders/WholesalersGlobal Stem Cells Subcomponent ManufacturersIndustry AssociationDownstream Vendors

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Thanks for reading this article; you can also get individual chapter wise section or region wise report version like North America, Europe or Asia.

About Author:HTF Market Report is a wholly owned brand of HTF market Intelligence Consulting Private Limited. HTF Market Report global research and market intelligence consulting organization is uniquely positioned to not only identify growth opportunities but to also empower and inspire you to create visionary growth strategies for futures, enabled by our extraordinary depth and breadth of thought leadership, research, tools, events and experience that assist you for making goals into a reality. Our understanding of the interplay between industry convergence, Mega Trends, technologies and market trends provides our clients with new business models and expansion opportunities. We are focused on identifying the Accurate Forecast in every industry we cover so our clients can reap the benefits of being early market entrants and can accomplish their Goals & Objectives.

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Stem Cells Market Will Generate New Growth Opportunities in the upcoming year - OnYourDesks

The tumor cells which have shed into lymphatic system and circulated over the body through blood circulation are called as circulating tumor cells. Circulating tumor cells may comprise seeds for metastasis. Stem cells are the type of cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and have the capacity of self-renewal. Cancer stem cells are the cancer cells that possess the characteristics of normal stem cells. Cancer stem cells are said to be responsible for relapse of cancers in patients. There is a growing interest in these two cell types due to their fundamental biological and clinical implications. Circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells are an important element in order to understand cancer related mechanism and to find a cure from all type of cancers. These cells can be used for detecting of metastasis and the patients who are at a higher risk of cancer relapse.

The global circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells market is anticipated to grow at a rapid rate owing to development in biotechnology and biomedical engineering. According to WHO, Cancer is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally impacting about 14 million people annually, leading to rapid increase in research activities worldwide. Circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells are under research for various types of cancer such as breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, skin cancer. Government and various government bodies are taking interest and initiative to boost funds and activities which is one of the major factor driving the growth of the global circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells market. Increase in demand of oncology screening, diagnosis and treatment monitoring the patients disease progression is one of the factor likely to propel the growth of the market through 2024. Furthermore, application of the circulating tumor cell for the drug discovery, use of cells in development of tumor specific biomarkers for targeted therapies are driving the growth of the global market. However, the ethical issues involved in research and regulation to perform human trials are some of the major factor that are retraining the growth of the global market.

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Based on technology type, the global circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells market is divided into following Cell enrichment Detection CTC Analysis

Based on Application types, the global circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells market is divided into following Biomarkers Tumorigenesis Stem cell research Others

The global circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells market is segmented on the basis of technology type, application type and geographical region. On the basis of technology type the global market is divided into cell enrichment, Detection and CTC Analysis. Enrichment is further divided into positive selection, negative selection, Microchips and others. Detection is further divided into Immunocytochemicals technology, Molecular based technology, EPISPOT functional invitro assay. Cell Enrichment accounted for the largest market share globally owing to higher usage in oncology research and highly accurate technology. Microchip technology is expected to register high growth in the global market due to introduction of cluster chip technology which enables to capture the clusters of circulating tumor cells. On the basis of application type, the global market is divided into Biomarkers, tumorigenesis, stem cell research and others.

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Geographically the global circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells market is divided into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa. North America is the dominating region in the global market attributing to the factors like developed economy, developed healthcare domain, strong funding for oncology research, rise in prevalence rate of cancer, favorable initiatives by government bodies. Asia Pacific region is expected to register high growth during the forecast period as a result of awareness, development of research and healthcare domains and prevalence of cancer.

Some of the major player operating in the global circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells market are QIAGEN Hannover, AVIVA Biosciences, Epic Sciences, ApoCell, Cynvenio Biosystems, Fluxion Biosciences, Rarecells, Janssen Diagnostics, LLC, CellTraffix Inc., Silicon Biosystems, Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc. among others worldwide. To maintain a significant position in the global market key players are involved in collaboration with the cancer research universities and hospitals, for example in November 2015 Epic Sciences announced collaboration Abramson cancer Centre of University Pennsylvania. This collaboration is expected to explore the field of biomarkers which are identified by circulating tumor cells. The key participants are expanding the market by developing the facilities in different regions. For example, in September 2014 advanced cell diagnostic Inc. established a subsidiary in Europe to serve the European market.

The report covers exhaustive analysis on: Circulating Tumor Cells and Cancer Stem Cells Market Segments Circulating Tumor Cells and Cancer Stem Cells Market Dynamics Historical Actual Market Size, 2013 2015 Circulating Tumor Cells and Cancer Stem Cells Market Size & Forecast 2016 to 2024 Circulating Tumor Cells and Cancer Stem Cells Market Current Trends/Issues/Challenges Competition & Companies involved Circulating Tumor Cells and Cancer Stem Cells Market Drivers and Restraints

Regional analysis includes North America Latin America Europe Asia Pacific Middle East & Africa

Report Highlights: Shifting Industry dynamics In-depth market segmentation Historical, current and projected industry size Recent industry trends Key Competition landscape Strategies of key players and product offerings Potential and niche segments/regions exhibiting promising growth A neutral perspective towards market performance

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The rest is here:
Circulating Tumor Cells and Cancer Stem Cells Market Estimated to Expand at a Robust CAGR over 2025 - Commerce Gazette

Today in science fiction becoming science reality researchers grew a series of mini-brains in a laboratory. Yes, you read that correctly. Perhaps you might not be shocked at all. Researchers have already gone on to 3D print organs like skin,a functioning heart, and a functioning pair of lungs. However, todays event did not require the process of additive manufacturing, which begs the question What will we do with the brains we grow? So lets jump in a little further.

Now researchers did not only grow a brain in the laboratory, but the mini-brain was also able to generate human-like brain waves. Published in the August 29 issue of Cell Stem Cell, the aim of this project was to find new ways to study brain disorders.

However, when you think about it, the project does raise some very difficult questions about when consciousness begins and where this research is going, questions that are sure to keep your Ethics 101 class going for the semester.

Alysson Muotri, a neuroscientist at the University of California, San Diego, grew over 100 mini-brains in Petri dishes in his lab. For the uninitiated, these brains can also be described as organoids. Muotri plans to use his organoids to study neurological disorders, like autism or epilepsy. Now, these brains are not fully functioning conscious beings like us, though philosophers might argue otherwise.

Brain organoids have been already created but Muotris creation is special. As mentioned above, his brains are active, and have a functional human-like neural network, or a web of neurons that can transmit information across the brain.

RELATED:A COMPANY CREATES THE FIRST 3D PRINTED MINI HEART

Even though psychiatric conditions rarely make a physical appearance, you could even use these brains to study diseases like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression as these diseases affect how the neurons connect and send electrical impulses throughout the brain.

Now the brain organoids were about the size of a pea and were grown using human stem cells over a 10 month time period. The next step of Muotris brain experiment is using the mini-brains for autism research as well as launching a company to make the organoids for commercial use, such as testing new drugs.

This work really shows that organoid has complex patterns of neural activity for future studies. They allow us to study whether (the brain waves) are altered in different diseases. We normally did not have access to study, saidMuotri.

Read the rest here:
Researchers Grow Pea-Sized Brains in Laboratory That Produce Detectable Brain Waves - Interesting Engineering

Skin is the largest organ of the human body. It is composed of three layers: epidermis-the outermost layer; dermis-contains sweat glands, hair follicles and connective tissue and hypodermis-made up of fat and connective tissue. The main functions of the skin includes protection, sensation and regulation. The skin acts as a barrier and provides protection against harmful chemicals, radiation, microorganism and changing environmental conditions. It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain fluid balance. Skin is an extensive network of nerve cells and contains various receptors to detect changes in the environment such as touch, pain, heat and cold. Damage to skin due to burn or trauma can disrupt all the vital functions performed by the skin.

Currently, topical antibiotics, skin grafting, wound dressings and tissue-engineered substitutes are available in the market that are used to treat skin-related disorders. A skin graft can be done by natural substitute such as amniotic membrane, potato peel or artificial material that includes synthetic polymer sheet, polymer foam or spray. These substitute helps in the healing process. Skin regeneration refers to the regrowth of the damaged skin from the remaining tissue. Stem cell therapy has a vital application in skin regeneration.

Dermal regeneration matrix device provides an appropriate environment that is necessary for the proliferation and differentiation of skin cells. It helps in triggering the bodys own repair mechanism by cell signaling, that drive the matrix environment in wound healing process. Dermal regeneration matrix device is used to treat skin burns and is also finds application in reconstructive surgery for contractures (scars). The dermal regeneration matrix device is placed over the damaged skin which provides an environment for regeneration of new skin and tissue. The matrix is made of cow collagen, silicone and shark cartilage.

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In 1996, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first approved integra dermal regeneration matrix device for treatment of burn injuries. In 2002, dermal regeneration matrix device was approved for use in reconstructive surgery for burn scars. About 30 million people in the U.S. are suffering from diabetes, of which 15% experience a diabetic foot ulcer in their lifetime. In January 2016, FDA approved the use of dermal regeneration matrix for treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). The usage of dermal regeneration matrix device is expected to expand the growth of dermal regeneration matrix device owing to increase usage in chronic foot ulcer.

Technological advancement and continued research in the development of artificial skin promises to bring more products to the marketplace. Increasing adoption of the device and long-term benefits associated with its application are some of the factors expected to fuel growth of the global dermal regeneration matrix device market over the forecast period. However, less awareness among the consumers and high cost of device are some of the key factors that could hamper growth of the market.

The global dermal regeneration matrix device is segmented on the basis of source, application, end user and geography. Segmentation by source Cow Collagen Silicone Shark Cartilage Segmentation by end user Hospitals Dermatology Centers Segmentation by application Burn Trauma Reconstructive Surgery Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers

On the basis of source, the global dermal regeneration matrix device market is segmented into cow collagen, silicone and shark cartilage. On the basis of end user, the global dermal regeneration matrix device market is segmented into hospitals and dermatology centers. The hospital segment is expected to contribute significantly to the total market in terms of market share. According to World Health Organization, over 265,000 deaths are caused due to burns each year. The majority of the burn cases occur in low and middle-income countries. Injuries such as traffic collisions, falls, burns, drowning, poisoning and others are expected to kills around five million people worldwide. Thus, the demand for dermal regeneration growth matrix is expected to be high in the low and middle-income countries over the forecast period.

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On the basis of region, the global dermal regeneration matrix device market is segmented into five key regions: North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Middle East & Africa.

Some of the major players in the global dermal regeneration matrix device market include Integra LifeSciences Corporation, Platelet BioGenesis, Avita Medical, Stratatech, Organogenesis Inc., Smith & Nephew, Inc., ACell Inc., Symatese and others.

The report covers exhaustive analysis on: Dermal Regeneration Matrix Market Segments Dermal Regeneration Matrix Market Dynamics Historical Actual Market Size, 20132015 Dermal Regeneration Matrix Market Size and Forecast, 20162024 Dermal Regeneration Matrix Market Current Trends/Issues/Challenges Competition and Companies Involved Dermal Regeneration Matrix Market Drivers and Restraints

Regional analysis includes North America Latin America Europe Asia Pacific Middle East & Africa

Report Highlights: Shifting industry dynamics In-depth market segmentation Historical, current and projected industry size and recent industry trends Key competition landscape Strategies of key players and product offerings Potential and niche segments/regions exhibiting promising growth A neutral perspective towards market performance

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Dermal Regeneration Matrix Device Market Overview by Industry Chain Information, Upstream Raw Materials & Downstream Industry 2025 - The Market...

Stem cells are biological cells which have the ability to distinguish into specialized cells, which are capable of cell division through mitosis. Amniotic fluid stem cells are a collective mixture of stem cells obtained from amniotic tissues and fluid. Amniotic fluid is clear, slightly yellowish liquid which surrounds the fetus during pregnancy and is discarded as medical waste during caesarean section deliveries. Amniotic fluid is a source of valuable biological material which includes stem cells which can be potentially used in cell therapy and regenerative therapies. Amniotic fluid stem cells can be developed into a different type of tissues such as cartilage, skin, cardiac nerves, bone, and muscles. Amniotic fluid stem cells are able to find the damaged joint caused by rheumatoid arthritis and differentiate tissues which are damaged. Medical conditions where no drug is able to lessen the symptoms and begin the healing process are the major target for amniotic fluid stem cell therapy. Amniotic fluid stem cells therapy is a solution to those patients who do not want to undergo surgery. Amniotic fluid has a high concentration of stem cells, cytokines, proteins and other important components. Amniotic fluid stem cell therapy is safe and effective treatment which contain growth factor helps to stimulate tissue growth, naturally reduce inflammation. Amniotic fluid also contains hyaluronic acid which acts as a lubricant and promotes cartilage growth.

With increasing technological advancement in the healthcare, amniotic fluid stem cell therapy has more advantage over the other therapy. Amniotic fluid stem cell therapy eliminates the chances of surgery and organs are regenerated, without causing any damage. These are some of the factors driving the growth of amniotic fluid stem cell therapy market over the forecast period. Increasing prevalence of chronic diseases which can be treated with the amniotic fluid stem cell therapy propel the market growth for amniotic fluid stem cell therapy, globally. Increasing funding by the government in research and development of stem cell therapy may drive the amniotic fluid stem cell therapy market growth. But, high procedure cost, difficulties in collecting the amniotic fluid and lack of reimbursement policies hinder the growth of amniotic fluid stem cell therapy market.

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The global amniotic fluid stem cell therapy market is segmented on basis of treatment, application, end user and geography: Segmentation by Treatment Allogeneic Amniotic Fluid stem cell therapy Autologous Amniotic Fluid stem cell therapy Segmentation by Application Regenerative medicines Skin Orthopedics Oncology Fetal tissue reconstruction Kidney regeneration Regeneration of neural tissue Cardiac regeneration Lung epithelial regeneration Others Drug research and development Segmentation by End User Hospital Ambulatory Surgical Centers Specialty Clinics Academic and Research Institutes Segmentation by Geography North America Latin America Europe Asia-Pacific Excluding China China Middle East & Africa

Rapid technological advancement in healthcare, and favorable results of the amniotic fluid stem cells therapy will increase the market for amniotic fluid stem cell therapy over the forecast period. Increasing public-private investment for stem cells in managing disease and improving healthcare infrastructure are expected to propel the growth of the amniotic fluid stem cell therapy market.

However, on the basis of geography, global Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Therapy Market is segmented into six key regions viz. North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific Excluding China, China and Middle East & Africa. North America captured the largest shares in global Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Therapy Market and is projected to continue over the forecast period owing to technological advancement in the healthcare and growing awareness among the population towards the new research and development in the stem cell therapy. Europe is expected to account for the second largest revenue share in the amniotic fluid stem cell therapy market. The Asia Pacific is anticipated to have rapid growth in near future owing to increasing healthcare set up and improving healthcare expenditure. Latin America and the Middle East and Africa account for slow growth in the market of amniotic fluid stem cell therapy due to lack of medical facilities and technical knowledge.

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Some of the key players operating in global amniotic fluid stem cell therapy market are Stem Shot, Provia Laboratories LLC, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Mesoblast Ltd., Roslin Cells, Regeneus Ltd. etc. among others.

The report covers exhaustive analysis on: Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Therapy Market Segments Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Therapy Market Dynamics Historical Actual Market Size, 2012 2016 Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Therapy Market Size & Forecast 2016 to 2024 Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Therapy Market Current Trends/Issues/Challenges Competition & Companies involved Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Therapy Market Drivers and Restraints

Regional analysis includes North America Latin America Europe Asia Pacific Excluding China China The Middle East & Africa

Report Highlights: Shifting Industry dynamics In-depth market segmentation Historical, current and projected industry size Recent industry trends Key Competition landscape Strategies of key players and product offerings Potential and niche segments/regions exhibiting promising growth A neutral perspective towards market performance

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Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Therapy Market New Growth Opportunities By2018 2026 - Market Reporter

Stem cell-derived cells are ready-made human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and iPS-derived cell lines that are extracted ethically and have been characterized as per highest industry standards. Stem cell-derived cells iPS cells are derived from the skin fibroblasts from variety of healthy human donors of varying age and gender. These stem cell-derived cells are then commercialized for use with the consent obtained from cell donors. These stem cell-derived cells are then developed using a complete culture system that is an easy-to-use system used for defined iPS-derived cell expansion. Majority of the key players in stem cell-derived cells market are focused on generating high-end quality cardiomyocytes as well as hepatocytes that enables end use facilities to easily obtain ready-made iPSC-derived cells. As the stem cell-derived cells market registers a robust growth due to rapid adoption in stem cellderived cells therapy products, there is a relative need for regulatory guidelines that need to be maintained to assist designing of scientifically comprehensive preclinical studies. The stem cell-derived cells obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are initially dissociated into a single-cell suspension and later frozen in vials. The commercially available stem cell-derived cell kits contain a vial of stem cell-derived cells, a bottle of thawing base and culture base.

The increasing approval for new stem cell-derived cells by the FDA across the globe is projected to propel stem cell-derived cells market revenue growth over the forecast years. With low entry barriers, a rise in number of companies has been registered that specializes in offering high end quality human tissue for research purpose to obtain human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) derived cells. The increase in product commercialization activities for stem cell-derived cells by leading manufacturers such as Takara Bio Inc. With the increasing rise in development of stem cell based therapies, the number of stem cell-derived cells under development or due for FDA approval is anticipated to increase, thereby estimating to be the most prominent factor driving the growth of stem cell-derived cells market. However, high costs associated with the development of stem cell-derived cells using complete culture systems is restraining the revenue growth in stem cell-derived cells market.

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The global Stem cell-derived cells market is segmented on basis of product type, material type, application type, end user and geographic region:

Segmentation by Product Type Stem Cell-Derived Cell Kits Stem Cell-Derived Definitive Endoderm Cell Kits Stem Cell-Derived Beta Cell Kits Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes Kits Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Kits Accessories

Segmentation by End User Hospitals Research and Academic Institutions Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Companies Contract Research Organizations/ Contract Manufacturing Organizations

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The stem cell-derived cells market is categorized based on product type and end user. Based on product type, the stem cell-derived cells are classified into two major types stem cell-derived cell kits and accessories. Among these stem cell-derived cell kits, stem cell-derived hepatocytes kits are the most preferred stem cell-derived cells product type. On the basis of product type, stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes kits segment is projected to expand its growth at a significant CAGR over the forecast years on the account of more demand from the end use segments. However, the stem cell-derived definitive endoderm cell kits segment is projected to remain the second most lucrative revenue share segment in stem cell-derived cells market. Biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies followed by research and academic institutions is expected to register substantial revenue growth rate during the forecast period.

North America and Europe cumulatively are projected to remain most lucrative regions and register significant market revenue share in global stem cell-derived cells market due to the increased patient pool in the regions with increasing adoption for stem cell based therapies. The launch of new stem cell-derived cells kits and accessories on FDA approval for the U.S. market allows North America to capture significant revenue share in stem cell-derived cells market. Asian countries due to strong funding in research and development are entirely focused on production of stem cell-derived cells thereby aiding South Asian and East Asian countries to grow at a robust CAGR over the forecast period.

Some of the major key manufacturers involved in global stem cell-derived cells market are Takara Bio Inc., Viacyte, Inc. and others.

The report covers exhaustive analysis on: Stem cell-derived cells Market Segments Stem cell-derived cells Market Dynamics Historical Actual Market Size, 2014 2018 Stem cell-derived cells Market Size & Forecast 2019 to 2029 Stem cell-derived cells Market Current Trends/Issues/Challenges Competition & Companies involved Stem cell-derived cells Market Drivers and Restraints

Regional analysis includes North America Latin America Europe East Asia South Asia Oceania The Middle East & Africa

Report Highlights: Shifting Industry dynamics In-depth market segmentation Historical, current and projected industry size Recent industry trends Key Competition landscape Strategies of key players and product offerings Potential and niche segments/regions exhibiting promising growth A neutral perspective towards market performance

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Stem Cell-Derived Cells Market to Record an Exponential CAGR by 2025 - NewsVarsity

Chef Avi Shemtov helps spread the word about BRCA gene mutations with a free dinner

SHARON Eliza Danielson and Jordana Phillips sat at a table for two, excitedly discussing the night's events. But instead of speculating about the chef's tasting menu they were about to be served, Phillips, a radiologist from New York City, was stressing the importance of BRCA mutation testing to Danielson.

I understand that, sometimes, testing for gene mutations can cause anxieties, but this is not one of those times, Phillips said. Danielson agreed to get tested, admitting that she hadnt known about the breast cancer mutation or how dangerous it could be.

Chef Avi Shemtov said this type of conversation is exactly why he held a free dinner last week at Simcha, a Sharon restaurant where Shemtov serves Israeli and Turkish cuisine with New England influences. On Thursday he hosted Nadine Tung, an oncologist specializing in breast cancer, to talk about an ongoing study that includes free genetic testing that helps men and women who are Ashkanazi Jews find out whether they have the mutation, which could significantly increase their chances of getting cancer.

Simcha was filled with predominantly women on Thursday night, with just one man accompanying his wife to the lecture in the packed restaurant. Tung said that she had expected as much because BRCA gene is an abbreviation for breast cancer gene, but that didn't mean that men couldn't be affected by it. A mutation in BRCA 1 raises a woman's chance of getting breast cancer to 87 percent and a mutation in BRCA 2 can cause an extremely aggressive and life-threatening type of prostate cancer in men.

Thursday's free meal at Simcha targeted the area's Jewish population because the mutation Tung is studying is most common among Ashkanazi Jews. Tung said Ashkanazi Jews have a one in 40 chance of having a mutation to the BRCA genes, which is 10 times higher than the general population. Sephardic Jews do not have a higher risk for mutation.

We all inherited some bad genes that put us at risk, said Tung, an Ashkanazi Jew herself. She said that she firmly believed in testing for genetic mutations, even if it can be scary. The information is something you can learn from and take preventative measures.

While Tung spoke, servers brought out plates of wood-oven baked pita and hummus, beets roasted in cast-iron skillets and topped with an Israeli blend of nuts and seeds, and confit chicken wings tossed in sweet and spicy paprika. The food is a reflection of Shemtovs culture, Sephardic food that has an emphasis on Israeli and Turkish cuisine. Shemtovs fathers family moved to Israel from Turkey to escape oppression. There, they met neighbors who had come from all over the world. This influenced Shemtovs grandparents cooking, and ultimately his father and his own cooking for their restaurants.

The major difference between Sephardic and Ashkanazi Jews is their cultural ancestry, Tung said. Sephardic Jews come initially from Spain and traveled to the Middle East and Israel from the Mediterranean Sea. Ashkanazi Jews are from Eastern Europe, Poland and Russia and make up approximately 95 percent of the Jewish population in America.

Shemtov said that even though he is a Sephardic Jew, he felt it was important to help spread information that could help the majority of the American Jewish population. To him, cancer screening is personal, though it is his mother, who converted to Judaism when she married his father, whose family has a greater history a history of cancer.

Shemtov said his mother's father died when she was 12, leaving behind several children. Since becoming a father, Shemtov said he felt he owed it to his children to be tested as frequently as possible for cancer, and he felt others owed it to their families to be tested, as well. When he was approached to host this event, he said he felt compelled to help. Shemtov said that, to him, this event and educating people about BRCA mutations is a way to help others.

If we can identify the gene (mutations) and we can detect cancer, why wouldnt I help spread the word? Shemtov said. He said it was important to him to not just use his restaurant and status as a chef to talk about food.

At one point in the night, Tung announced to the full restaurant that she hoped everyone would spread the word about the BRCA gene mutations to their friends, and also spread the word about how amazing Simchas food was. Shemtov laughed and told people to focus on the gene more, and less about the food.

Burgers, pita, pizza and falafel wont change the world, but it can give me a platform to help others, Shemtov said.

As Tung took questions from the audience, Shemtov leaned against the bar. He was smiling as he looked out at everyone talking. When asked what was on his mind, Shemtov took a second to look over at his mother and sister sitting at the bar before answering.

Whats one free dinner going to cost me if it ends up saving someones life? he said. "If one person out of everyone in this room finds out they have the mutation, then it's completely worth it."

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Sharon chef stresses importance of genetic testing - The Patriot Ledger

Wolters Kluwer Tax & Accounting explores expansion of the definition of qualified medical expenses

Wolters Kluwer Tax & Accounting:

What: In recent years when presented with the opportunity, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has identified a number of expenses as qualifying medical expenses for purposes of the itemized deduction for medical expenses or for qualified distributions from health savings accounts or flexible spending accounts. These have included smoking cessation programs, weight loss programs, and gluten-free products for celiac disease. Now, in a private letter ruling, the IRS has spelled out the circumstances under which genetic testing might qualify as a medical expense.

Why: While private letter rulings cannot be relied upon by taxpayers other than the taxpayer to whom it was issued, the ruling on genetic testing does indicate the IRS thinking on the matter and how they might treat similar situations:

Who: Federal tax expert Mark Luscombe, JD, LL.M, CPA, Principal Federal Tax Analyst at Wolters Kluwer Tax & Accounting, is available to discuss these developments with respect to genetic testing and qualified medical expenses in general.

PLEASE NOTE: The content of this article is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. The information is provided with the understanding that Wolters Kluwer Tax & Accounting is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services.

Contact: To arrange interviews with Mark Luscombe, other federal and state tax experts from Wolters Kluwer Tax & Accounting on this or any other tax-related topic, please contact:

MARISA WESTCOTT 212-771-0853 marisa.westcott@wolterskluwer.com

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MEDIA ALERT: IRS Approves Medical Expense Deduction for Genetic Testing - Yahoo Finance

Harmfulmutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (BRCA1/2) are correlated with increased risk fordeveloping peritoneal, fallopian tube, ovarian, male and female breast,pancreatic, and aggressive prostate cancers. The United States PreventiveServices Task Force (USPSTF) recently updated their recommendations for riskassessment, genetic counseling, and genetic testing for BRCA1/2-relatedcancers from their 2013 recommendation.1

Breastcancer is the most common cancer following nonmelanoma skin cancer in women inthe United States, and it is the second leading cause of cancer death. BRCA1/2mutations occur in approximately 1 in 300 to 500 women, and these mutationsaccount for 5% to 10% of cases of breast cancer and 15% of cases of ovariancancer.1

New Inclusions

In its 2019 recommendation, the USPSTF recommends evaluating women who have a personal or family history of peritoneal, fallopian tube, ovarian, or breast cancer or who have ancestry with harmful mutations in the BRCA1/2 genes with a familial-risk assessment tool. Patients who receive a positive result on the risk-assessment tool should receive genetic counseling and genetic testing if indicated.1

Forwomen without a personal or family history of these cancers or a family historyof harmful BRCA1/2 mutations,the USPSTF recommends against routine risk assessment, genetic counseling, andgenetic testing.1

Nursenavigators are likely to play an important role in facilitating thorough,in-depth conversations with patients about routine assessment, geneticcounseling, and genetic testing. In fact, a 2015 study on efficiency inidentifying cancer patients who should undergo genetic and genomic testing indicatednurse navigators were particularly well positioned in the continuum of cancercare to facilitate timely testing in compliance with recommendations from theNational Comprehensive Cancer Network.2

Support for the Updates

Toupdate their recommendations, the USPSTF evaluated evidence on risk assessment,genetic counseling, and genetic testing for BRCA1/2 mutations in women without symptoms who had never beendiagnosed with a BRCA-related cancer and in women with a prior diagnosisof peritoneal, fallopian tube, ovarian, or breast cancer. Recommendationsindicated a moderate (grade B) benefit to assessment, genetic counseling, andgenetic testing in women with a family or personal history that correlated withincreased risk for peritoneal, fallopian tube, ovarian, or breast cancer or whohave family with harmful BRCA1/2mutations. For women without such personal or family history of cancer or BRCA1/2 mutations, the USPSTF gave a gradeD recommendation, discouraging the service from being used.1

Agrade of B means the USPSTF recommends the service offered as having highcertainty that the net benefit is moderate, or there is moderate certainty thatthe net benefit is moderate to substantial. A grade of D means the USPSTFdiscourages the use of the service as having moderate or high certainty thatthe service has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits.1

Notably,this updated recommendation now includes women with a previous history ofbreast or ovarian cancer who are considered cancer-free and includes ancestryas a risk factor. A perspective piece contextualizing the USPSTF recommendationalso noted that importantly, but not included in this recommendation, BRCA1/2status is relevant for patients with newly diagnosed early stage breast cancerfor surgical decision making and can also be used to determine appropriatetreatment of certain advanced cancers.3

Althoughthe authors of this perspective emphasized the importance of expanding theUSPSTF recommendation, they also lauded the clear recommendation of identifyingpatients with deleterious BRCA1/2mutations as potentially lifesaving and should be a part of routine medicalcare.3

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USPSTF Expands Criteria for Recommended BRCA-Associated Genetic Counseling - Oncology Nurse Advisor

Previous studies have shown that the standard test for prostate cancer (prostate-specific antigen or PSA) would not work as a screening tool for the general population as it is not reliable enough.

But the new study found PSA tests were more likely to pick out more serious forms of prostate cancer in men who carry the BRCA2 gene fault than in non-carriers.

This means men with the faulty gene could benefit from regular PSA testing.

The study - published in the journal European Urology - included data for 902 BRCA2 carriers and 497 BRCA2 non-carriers.

All men were offered a yearly PSA test for three years and those with elevated PSA reading were offered a biopsy to confirm whether they had cancer.

The researchers found that men who carry the BRCA2 gene fault were almost twice as likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer as non-carriers.

Those with the BRCA2 gene fault also had more serious tumours - with 77 per cent of men having clinically significant disease compared with 40 per cent of non-carriers.

Men with the fault were also diagnosed at a younger age - at an average of 61 compared with 64 for non-carriers.

Experts estimate that about one in 300 white men could be carrying the genetic fault, but not all of them will develop prostate cancer.

Study leader Rosalind Eeles, professor of oncogenetics at the Institute of Cancer Research, London, said: "For women who undergo genetic testing, options are available to them if they carry a BRCA fault, including preventative surgery and increased screening.

"But there's no prevention pathway in place if men decide to find out if they're a carrier, which is why our research is so important.

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Men with 'Angelina Jolie gene' at double the risk of prostate cancer - Telegraph.co.uk

I have two 23 & Me DNA test kits collecting dust on a shelf in my linen closet. The idea of spitting in a vial and possibly finding out that I have some life-threatening condition lurking in my DNA just waiting to make its fatal appearance freaks me out. I know my thinking is extreme, that there are incredible benefits to knowing your health risks before symptoms show, but I cant control my concerns. Sure, I could opt out of the health results and just learn my ancestry, but I already know my test will come back that I am at least 99 percent Ashkenazi Jewishboth sides of my family emigrated from neighboring towns on the Russia-Poland border. My husbands triplet brothers had the same ancestry results on their DNA tests so there will be no fun surprises for him either. Thats why his test still remains sealed next to mine.

But last month I did end up spitting into a DNA kits vial (they require a ton of spit, by the way!), however it wasnt to learn about my familys history or my health future. I decided to do screening through a saliva sample to determine if I am a genetic carrier for any conditions that I may pass down to my future children.

When my husband and I got married almost a year ago, I knew genetic screening was something we would do ahead of trying to get pregnant. If you are a carrier of a condition and your husband is not, your child is not at risk for the condition. However, if both you and your partner are carriers of the same condition, the odds go up to 25 percent for each pregnancy (are you getting flashbacks of Punnett squares from biology class yet?). Since both my husband and I have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, we are two times as likely to be carriers of fatal genetic conditions like Tay-Sachs or Fragile X syndrome. So why wouldnt we do a test that can help us ensure the health of our future children?

As an editor for Parents.com, I know that most children born with genetic conditions have no family history of the disorder. I read and report on parents raising children with life-threatening genetic conditions they were not anticipating during pregnancy. Some know their childs diagnosis at birth and set up GoFundMe pages to tackle the healthcare bills that pile up. Other parents know in their gut that something is wrong, but then it takes years for a doctor to track the genetic mutation causing the issues. I want to give my future children the best opportunity to have a happy, healthy life. If that means I need to spit in a vial to find out their risk for a scary condition and make hard decisions when I get the results, that is exactly what I am going to do.

My first step was to call my OB-GYN to make an appointment for blood work. It turns out that genetic screening before pregnancy is considered optional by many insurance providers, despite my familys ancestry and risk, so testing could cost thousands of dollars out of pocket. No thanks! I started Googling other options. Thats how I came across JScreen, a genetic screening saliva test that screens your risk for more than 200 diseases that are predominant in the Jewish community. The not-for-profit program is based out of Emory University and tests samples in a CLIA-certified lab (so I knew it was legit) and is funded by several Jewish organizations so each kit only costs $149 whether your insurance covers testing or not. To order a test, I had to provide my doctors information so she can sign off and receive the results (they are shared through a HIPPA-compliant database), and thats it. While you dont have to be Jewish to order a JScreen kit, there are other at-home genetic screening kits available on the market, including Invitae, which is ordered through a similar process with your doctor and costs $250. For me, JScreen made the most sense.

Taking the JScreen test was easy (minus the more than 10 minutes it took to fill the vialthe instructions even offered suggestions on how to produce more spit like biting your tongue or cheeksinformation I never thought I'd need), but I admit, I was nervous to find out my results. Its easy to casually say I know exactly what I would do if it turns out Im a carrier for something horrible, but when it comes down to it, its a hard reality to face. But I was glad I chose to work with JScreen since they gave me my results on a call with a genetic counselor rather than in an email Id have to read and analyze on my own. During my results call I had a bunch of questions for my assigned counselor, Melanie Hardy, MS, MS, LCGC, the assistant director of genetic counseling services at JScreen (I am a journalist after all!). She told me that many couples who both test positive for carrying a condition find that the condition in question is mild and/or treatable.

Julia Wilkinson, the reproductive health genetic counselor at Invitae, also shared that its uncommon for both partners to carry variants in the same gene. More than 95 percent of couples tested in our lab find that even if one partner has a potentially concerning mutation, the other doesnt, so their overall risk of having a child with a genetic disorder is low.

Thats good to hear, but it led to my next big question: But what happens if I do carry something serious? For me, the next step would be to have my husband take a test as well, then we would have to consider our options

Hardy then told me that even if a couple learns they are carriers of a more severe condition, there are options for having a healthy child. The news may be surprising at first, but once they find that they have the support of the JScreen genetic counselors who will answer their questions and provide information and resources, they are then equipped with what they need to have a healthy family, she says. She explained the five options that couples have when they find out they are at an increased risk to having a child with a genetic condition:

1) In vitro fertilization with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) of the embryo. To break it down simply, Hardy says that this process combines sperm and egg outside the womb, then the lab grows embryos and removes some cells from the embryos to complete genetic testing. Only those embryos that do not have the genetic condition get implanted.

2) Use of an egg or sperm donor (the egg or sperm donor will have been tested for the condition and found not to be a carrier).

3) Prenatal testing of the placenta (chorionic villus sampling or CVS) or amniotic fluid (amniocentesis) during pregnancy. This option comes with the caveat that the couple would have two decisions if the baby is found to be affected with the genetic condition: proceed with that information or end the pregnancy.

4) Adoption.

5) Test the child for the condition after birth and treat as needed or as available if the child has the genetic condition.

One common word kept coming up in my conversation with genetic counselors from JScreen and Invitae. Both called the testing process empowering." And I totally agree. We all do so many things before and during pregnancy to ensure the health of our future children: take prenatal vitamins, eat healthy food, stop drinking alcohol, go to routine doctor appointments; so why would we not do a checkup for our future babys genes too?

We cant determine if there is a reproductive risk without testing and avoiding testing doesnt prevent the possibility for devastating news about a child being affected, says Hardy. It is only with testing, preparation, and guidance that couples can make decisions to ensure a healthy family.

Continued here:
Why I Decided to Do Genetic Screening Before Trying to Get Pregnant - Yahoo Lifestyle

Preimplantation genetic testing or preimplantation genetic diagnosis is a technique in which the embryos prepared through in vitro fertilization are tested for defects before implantation. Preimplantation genetic testing enables physicians and to identify the defects present in the embryos and selectively implant healthy embryos in the uterus which increases the chances of delivering a genetically healthy baby. Preimplantation genetic testing helps people to avoid the hereditary disorders that prevail in the family to be carried into the baby. The preimplantation techniques involve various steps like the collection of eggs from the mother or egg donor which are later in vitro fertilized. Fertilized eggs are then tested for various genetic conditions through screening processes. Healthy embryos may be frozen and stored for further use whereas unfit embryos are destroyed. The healthy embryos are implanted to induce pregnancy. Preimplantation genetic testing also serves another purpose like gender selection. However, this application is currently facing several ethical questions. The preimplantation genetic testing is currently is gaining popularity as a fertility treatment option among carriers of sex-linked genetic disorders, single gene donors, people suffering from chromosomal disorders, older women seeking pregnancy and among women who experience recurring abortions.

Preimplantation Genetic Testing Market: Drivers & Restrains

Increasing awareness about preimplantation genetic testing among people suffering from genetic disorders is expected to drive demand for preimplantation genetic testing procedures According to the Global Genes Organization a non profit organization aimed towards promoting needs of the rare diseases community, there are nearly 7000 distinct rare diseases and genetic or rare diseases affect nearly 350 million people globally. Moreover according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), about 50% people affected by rare diseases are children. Growing number of people suffering from genetic diseases are expected to increase demand for preimplantation genetic testing procedures in order to have a healthy child. Owing to high pregnancy chances with preimplantation genetic testing procedure as compared to other fertility treatments the demand for PGI testing is expected to witness high demand among people seeking IVF treatments. Increasing applications for preimplantation genetic testing for diagnosis of diseases like cancer and other minor disabilities like deafness is expected to create high growth opportunities for preimplantation genetic testing market stakeholders. Even though the preimplantation genetic testing market promises a health growth, restraints like the ethical issues related to preimplantation genetic testing and stringent regulatory policies may hamper the revenue growth of the market. Socio economic concerns related to sex determination and sex discrimination of the embryo are rising issues that might restraint the development of technology in preimplantation genetic testing market.

Preimplantation Genetic Testing Market: Segmentation

The global preimplantation genetic testing market is segmented into following key segments: by application type, by product type, by end users and by geography

Segmentation by application type

Aneuploidy Screening

Gender Screening

Chromosomal Aberration Screening

HLA Typing

Single Gene Disorder Screening

Others

Segmentation by product type

Instruments

Reagents

Analyzer Software

Accessories & Consumables

Segmentation by end user

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Hospitals

Diagnostic Laboratories

Academic Institutions

Fertility Clinics & Maternity Centers

Preimplantation Genetic Testing Market: Overview

The global preimplantation genetic testing market is expected to witness high growth over the forecast period owing to the increasing number of people seeking IVF treatment for fertility related problems and increasing awareness of preimplantation genetic testing being for avoiding birth defects among babies. Increasing adoption of preimplantation genetic testing in the developed and emerging countries is expected to create healthy growth opportunities for the market participants in the global preimplantation genetic testing market

Preimplantation Genetic Testing Market: Region wise Outlook

Geographically the global preimplantation genetic testing market is segmented into seven key regions: North America, Latin America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia Pacific excluding Japan (APEJ), Japan and Middle East and Africa (MEA).

Geographically North America and Western Europe are expected to dominate the market for preimplantation genetic testing owing to high awareness among the people and presence of several end users providing preimplantation genetic testing services. APEJ is expected to be the next lucrative market. Latin America and MEA regions are also expected to witness significant growth in the preimplantation genetic testing market. The growth of preimplantation genetic testing market is mainly dependent on resolving the ethical restraints involved and introduction of effective regulations for ethical use of technology in various regions.

Preimplantation Genetic Testing Market: Market Participants

Some players in the preimplantation genetic testing market are Abbott Laboratories, Natera, Inc., Illumina, Inc., Perkin Elmer, Inc. Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and others

The research report presents a comprehensive assessment of the market and contains thoughtful insights, facts, historical data, and statistically supported and industry-validated market data. It also contains projections using a suitable set of assumptions and methodologies. The research report provides analysis and information according to categories such as market segments, geographies, types, technology and applications.

The report covers exhaustive analysis on:

Market Segments

Market Dynamics

Market Size

Current Trends/Issues/Challenges

Competition & Companies involved

Value Chain

Request to view TOC at https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/toc/rep-gb-2590?source=atm

Regional analysis includes:

North America (U.S., Canada)

Latin America (Mexico. Brazil)

Western Europe (Germany, Italy, France, U.K, Spain, Nordic countries, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg)

Eastern Europe (Poland, Russia)

APEJ (China, India, ASEAN, Australia & New Zealand)

Japan

Middle East and Africa (GCC, S. Africa, N. Africa)

The report is a compilation of first-hand information, qualitative and quantitative assessment by industry analysts, inputs from industry experts and industry participants across the value chain. The report provides in-depth analysis of parent market trends, macro-economic indicators and governing factors along with market attractiveness as per segments. The report also maps the qualitative impact of various market factors on market segments and geographies.

Report Highlights:

Detailed overview of parent market

Changing market dynamics of the industry

In-depth market segmentation

Historical, current and projected market size in terms of volume and value

Recent industry trends and developments

Competitive landscape

Strategies of key players and product offerings

Potential and niche segments/regions exhibiting promising growth

A neutral perspective towards market performance

Must-have information for market players to sustain and enhance their market footprint

NOTE All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed in reports are those of the respective analysts. They do not necessarily reflect formal positions or views of Future Market Insights.

Request Customization for this report at https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/customization-available/rep-gb-2590?source=atm

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Preimplantation Genetic Testing Market Growth in Technological Innovation, Competitive Landscape Mapping the Trends and Outlook - Wolf Mirror

Tickets to the Pulaski County Extension Homemakers annual tasting luncheon will go on sale Tuesday, October 1, at 8:00 o'clock at the Extension Office. This big event will be held on Friday, November 15, with seating at 12:00 noon. The cost is $20, which includes the tasting of lots of new foods and a recipe booklet of all items served. The seating to the luncheon is limited so be sure to buy your ticket or tickets soon. To make sure that all persons are treated equally, advanced sales or call in orders are not accepted. However one person can purchase as many tickets as needed starting Tuesday Morning, October 1. The "Pumpkin Kisses and Holiday Wishes" theme will be held at the Langdon Street Baptist Church Activity Center at 103 Langdon Street.

The Pulaski County Extension Homemakers Bazaar will be held at the Somerset Mall this year. The bazaar "Pumpkin Kisses and Harvest Wishes" will be held on Saturday, November 23, starting at 10:00 o'clock. Tables will be rented to those people wanting to sell their crafts, art work, pieced goods, baskets, quilts, wood crafts, knitting and crocheting items, etc. Tables are rented for $10 each to Homemaker members, or $25 each to non-members. Participants are not allowed to bring in their own table. Come by the Extension Office to rent your table.

Another homemaker year has begun. Extension Homemakers are encouraged to pay their dues to their secretary or treasurer who will turn in their dues to the Extension Office. Mail box members and other interested persons wanting to join the homemaker, can pay at the Pulaski County Extension Office. Dues are $11 yearly and membership is available to everyone.

If you are a female over 50 years of age do you have Ovarian Cancer Screening yearly? September is Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month. One of the reasons that ovarian cancer is so deadly is that in its early stages, it rarely causes any symptoms. Yet ovarian cancer causes more deaths each year than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Ovarian cancer awareness and screening is of utmost importance for all females.

The Pulaski County Extension Homemakers, and all of the other 119 Kentucky County Extension Homemaker Groups, donate money every year to University of Kentucky Ovarian Screening program. This research program encourages all women over the age of 50 to have an Ovarian Screening yearly, and it is a free health screening. You don't have to be a member of the Extension Homemakers for this service. For information about UK Ovarian Cancer Screening Program, or to make an appointment, call 1-800-766-8279. Ovarian screening is also available at the Pulaski County Health Department, but you call the number listed above to make an appointment for Lexington or Somerset.

The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2019 about 23,000 women will get a new diagnosis of ovarian cancer and about 14,000 of them will die from it. In Kentucky the ASC estimates about 280 women will be newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer, and 190 will die from it. Women from every county in the state have participated in the screening. You may be one that needs to be participating too.

Ovarian cancer is deadly and sneaky. When detected early, it is often curable, but most women who have it don't have any symptoms until it has progressed to an advanced stage, when survival is unlikely. Screening and early detection are critical to saving lives.

The exact causes of ovarian cancer are unknown. We do know that the risk for developing is linked to several factors. Age is a major one with women 50 years of age and older being at a higher risk. Women who have a documented family history of ovarian or breast cancers are more likely to develop the disease. Through genetic testing, which you must request, if a woman has a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation she has a higher chance of developing both ovarian and breast cancers. (BRCA1: a gene that normally acts to restrain the growth of cells in the breast but which, when mutated, predisposes to breast cancer)

Other factors linked to the disease include an early age of beginning menstruation, late age at natural menopause, endometriosis, infertility or not bearing children, obesity, and hormone replacement therapy. A lowered risk of ovarian cancer also appears to be a benefit of both bearing children and breast-feeding.

How is ovarian cancer treated? Initial treatment is surgery to remove one or both ovaries and fallopian tubes, depending on the stage of the disease. Some patients may require a hysterectomy and some may need chemotherapy. The disease is highly curable if detected early so if you are over 50 years of age, begin your screening today. The University of Kentucky Ovarian Cancer Screening Program offers free screenings via transvaginal ultrasound to all Kentucky women over age 50 and women over 25 with a documented history of ovarian cancer.

In Kentucky there are six sites that offer this free screening from UK. Call 1-800-766-8279 to schedule your appointment. The Kentucky Extension Homemakers and the Telford Foundation provided the initial funding for the program, and continue to support it today.

Educational programs of Kentucky Cooperative Extension serve all people regardless of economic or social status and will not discriminate on the basis of race, color, ethnic origin, national origin, creed, religion, political belief, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, pregnancy, marital status, genetic information, age, veteran's status, or physical or mental disability.

It's fall and time for fall food. Enjoy this salad today.

Fall Harvest Salad

5 cups torn leaf lettuce

2 cups spinach leaves

1 medium red apple, chopped

1 medium pear, chopped

4 teaspoons lemon juice

cup dried cranberries

cup feta cheese crumbles

cup chopped walnuts

Dressing

2 tablespoons olive oil

2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar

1 teaspoons Dijon mustard

2 teaspoons honey

teaspoon salt

Will yield: 8 1 cup servings

Combine leaf lettuce and spinach leaves in a large salad bowl. Mix apples and pears with the lemon juice in a small bowl and add to the lettuce mixture. Prepare the dressing by whisking together the olive oil, balsamic vinegar, mustard, honey and salt. Pour over the lettuce mixture and toss to coat. Sprinkle the salad with cranberries, feta cheese and walnuts. Serve immediately.

Events at the Extension Office

Join Denise Salter at the Extension Office on Monday, September 23, at 10:00 o'clock for a free Card Making Class. Learn how to save money by making your own beautiful cards. This group will be meeting in the basement of the Extension Office, Room B.

The Pulaski County Extension Homemakers Council will meet on Monday, September 23, at 11:30 for their by-monthly meeting. Lunch will be provided.

Monday, September 23, you are invited to attend a class on "Addiction 101" at the Extension Office starting at 1:00 o'clock. Addiction to drugs or alcohol is one of the most complex, baffling and heartbreaking conditions in the world. Most people know at least one significant person in their lives who has been affected. Christy Guffey, the FCS Agent in Clinton County, will be conducting the class that is opened to all interested persons.

Just Among Friends Extension Homemakers Club will meet on Thursday, September 26, at 1:00 o'clock at the Extension Office.

Attention All Quilters: The First Baptist Church on Main Street in Somerset, Kentucky will be offering quilters the opportunity to have their antique quilts photographed and documented by the Kentucky Heritage Quilt Society. All documentation of antique quilts is stored at the Western Kentucky University. This service will be available Friday and Saturday, October 18 and 19 in the Bridge Area of the church. Call the Pulaski County Extension Office to schedule your appointment for this service at 679-6361.

Link:
'Holiday Tasting' will be Saturday, November 23 | Lifestyles - Commonwealth Journal's History

The Hinckley Institute Radio HourThis week on the program, we bring you a forum on the Abuelas de la Plaza de Mayo, a group formed in 1977 to locate and reunify with their grandchildren disappeared during the Argentinian dictatorship. This organization of women championed a matriarchal politics and began a legal, psychological and scientific movement to address the injustices and intergenerational traumas of the past. Critical to this effort was the combination of humanitarian justice, cutting edge genetic testing and international scientific exchanges that found 128 of the lost children.

This movement stands out as one in which the quest for human rights fueled scientific development and technological advancement. The genetic research conducted in Argentina would go on to advance the global study of genetic and forensic testing, popularized today by DNA testing companies like 23andMe and AncestryDNA. For their work in defense of human rights, the Abuelas de la Plaza de Mayo received the Flix Houphout-Boigny Peace Prize in Paris in September of 2011.

Giving the talk is Alexandra Minna Stern, Professor and Chair of American Culture, Professor in History, Womens Studies, Obstetrics and Gynecology in the College of Literature, Science and the Arts at the University of Michigan.

This forum was presented by the International Studies Programs Health, Medicine, and the Environment Lecture Series and made possible thanks to the support from the Center for Latin American Studies.

This forum was recorded on April 8, 2019.

Podcast: Play in new window | Download (57.0MB)

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Genetics and Justice: DNA Identification Technologies in Post-Dictatorial Argentina - KCPW

Tracking nucleic acids in living cells

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful molecular technique for detecting nucleic acids in cells. However, it requires cell fixation and denaturation. Wang et al. found that CRISPR-Cas9 protects guide RNAs from degradation in cells only when bound to target DNA. Taking advantage of this target-dependent stability switch, they developed a labeling technique, named CRISPR LiveFISH, to detect DNA and RNA using fluorophore-conjugated guide RNAs with Cas9 and Cas13, respectively. CRISPR LiveFISH improves the signal-to-noise ratio, is compatible with living cells, and allows tracking real-time dynamics of genome editing, chromosome translocation, and transcription.

Science, this issue p. 1301

We report a robust, versatile approach called CRISPR live-cell fluorescent in situ hybridization (LiveFISH) using fluorescent oligonucleotides for genome tracking in a broad range of cell types, including primary cells. An intrinsic stability switch of CRISPR guide RNAs enables LiveFISH to accurately detect chromosomal disorders such as Patau syndrome in prenatal amniotic fluid cells and track multiple loci in human T lymphocytes. In addition, LiveFISH tracks the real-time movement of DNA double-strand breaks induced by CRISPR-Cas9mediated editing and consequent chromosome translocations. Finally, by combining Cas9 and Cas13 systems, LiveFISH allows for simultaneous visualization of genomic DNA and RNA transcripts in living cells. The LiveFISH approach enables real-time live imaging of DNA and RNA during genome editing, transcription, and rearrangements in single cells.

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CRISPR-mediated live imaging of genome editing and transcription - Science Magazine

The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) today awarded the University of California (UC), University of Vienna and Emmanuelle Charpentier a patent for CRISPR-Cas9 that, along with two others awarded this month, brings the teams comprehensive portfolio of gene-editing patents to 14.

Schematic representation of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The Cas9 enzyme (orange) cuts the DNA (blue) in the location selected by the RNA (red). Image courtesy of Carlos Clarivan/Science Photo Library/NTB Scanpix

The newest patent, U.S. 10,415,061, covers compositions comprising single-molecule DNA-targeting RNAs or nucleic acids encoding single-molecule DNA-targeting RNAs, as well as methods of targeting and binding a target DNA, modifying a target DNA or modulating transcription from a target DNA with a complex that comprises a Cas9 protein and single-molecule DNA-targeting RNA.

On Sept. 10, the USPTO issued to the UC team U.S. patent 10,407,697 covering single-molecule guide RNAs or nucleic acid molecules encoding the guide RNAs. And on Sept. 3, the patent office issued U.S. patent 10,400,253, which covers compositions of single-molecule, DNA-targeting RNA (single-guide RNA, or sgRNA) and a Cas9 protein or nucleic acid encoding the Cas9 protein.

Another patent is set to issue next Tuesday, Sept. 24, bringing the total U.S. patent portfolio to 15. Three other patent applications have been allowed by the USPTO and are set to issue as patents in the coming months, which will raise the total to 18. These patents and applications span various compositions and methods for the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology, including targeting and editing genes and modulating transcription, and covering the technology in any setting, such as within plant, animal and human cells. The methods and compositions covered in UCs CRISPR-Cas9 portfolio come together to comprise the widest-ranging patent portfolio for the gene-editing technology.

This month, we have seen exponential growth of UCs U.S. CRISPR-Cas9 portfolio, said Eldora Ellison, Ph.D., lead patent strategist on CRISPR-Cas9 matters for UC and a director at Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox. We remain committed to expanding our robust portfolio to include additional methods and compositions for CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing so that the range of applications can be fully utilized for the benefit of humanity.

The team that invented the CRISPR-Cas9 DNA-targeting technology included Doudna and Martin Jinek at UC Berkeley; Charpentier, then at Umea University in Sweden and now director of the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Germany; and Krzysztof Chylinski of the University of Vienna. The methods covered by todays patent, as well as the other methods claimed in UCs previously issued patents and those set to issue, were included among the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology work disclosed first by the Doudna-Charpentier team in its May 25, 2012, priority patent application.

The 14 CRISPR-Cas9 patents in this teams portfolio are 10,000,772; 10,113,167; 10,227,611; 10,266,850; 10,301,651; 10,308,961; 10,337,029; 10,351,878; 10,358,658; 10,358,659; 10,385,360; 10,400,253; 10,407,697; and 10,415,061. These patents are not a part of the PTABs recently declared interference between 14 UC patent applications and multiple previously issued Broad Institute patents and one application, which jeopardizes essentially all of the Broads CRISPR patents involving eukaryotic cells.

International patent offices have also recognized the pioneering innovations of the Doudna-Charpentier team, in addition to the 14 patents granted in the U.S. so far. The European Patent Office (representing more than 30 countries), as well as patent offices in the United Kingdom, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, and other countries, have issued patents for the use of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in all types of cells.

University of California has a long-standing commitment to develop and apply its patented technologies, including CRISPR-Cas9, for the betterment of humankind. Consistent with its open-licensing policies, UC allows nonprofit institutions, including academic institutions, to use the technology for non-commercial educational and research purposes.

In the case of CRISPR-Cas9, UC has also encouraged widespread commercialization of the technology through its exclusive license with Caribou Biosciences, Inc. of Berkeley, California. Caribou has sublicensed this patent family to numerous companies worldwide, including Intellia Therapeutics, Inc. for certain human therapeutic applications. Additionally, Dr. Charpentier has licensed the technology to CRISPR Therapeutics AG and ERS Genomics Limited.

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CRISPR portfolio now at 14 and counting - UC Berkeley

Its been an alarming year for the worlds outlook on biodiversity. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) put the world on notice that around 1 million species are facing extinction (PDF). A study published in August concluded that it would take New Zealand 50 million years to recover the diversity of bird species it has lost since human colonization. And, while headlines about an insect apocalypse may have been hyperbolic, insect biodiversity is decreasing, and its a problem.

As evidenced in the IPBES report, current conservation efforts have not been sufficient to stem biodiversity loss, so innovative solutions might be necessary to support the web of life that supports human existence. In 2012, scientists first described the gene editing capabilities of CRISPR, a molecular tool that can be used to make targeted, precise changes to the DNA of plants, animals and microbes.

Since then, scientists have proposed myriad ways to use the technology. But could it be a boon to biodiversity? Can it help researchers understand and preserve corals and their ecosystems? What about applications to diversify agriculture to shore up food security? Or to combat invasive species plaguing ecosystems around the world?

While many scientists are eager to discuss the possibilities of using CRISPR to preserve biodiversity, they are also cautious. The effects of human interventions are not always predictable, and once a gene-edited species is released into the wild, controlling any negative effects will be difficult. Toni Piaggio, a research scientist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Wildlife Research Center, says researchers should "never entirely sip the Kool-Aid" when it comes to CRISPR. Instead, she says, they should "spend a lot of research time and intellectual energy" questioning themselves and their work.

While many scientists are eager to discuss the possibilities of using CRISPR to preserve biodiversity, they are also cautious.

Diversity for food security

But as millennia passed, domestication also decreased the genetic diversity within the plants we grow and eat. To understand why, imagine an ancient human 10,000 years ago, tired of smashing teosinte with rocks to get a few measly kernels out of their hard casings. If that person saw a plant with naked kernels exposed and available to eat without rock smashing they might select seeds from that plant to grow the next year. That works out great for the person, but the genetic diversity in the rest of the field is lost to future generations.

The same forces are at play today. When each tomato plant, for example, looks the same, grows at the same rate and produces pounds upon pounds of tomatoes, farming is easier and the food supply is more predictable if everything goes as usual.

Problem is, farming doesnt always follow usual, expected patterns. And climate change is increasing variability and unpredictability in agriculture. Many crops, as a result of their low genetic diversity, are not particularly well suited to cope with emerging climate patterns, leaving them susceptible to challenges such as drought, flooding or salty soils. So, says Lzaro Peres, a professor of plant physiology at the University of So Paulo, relying on a limited number of crop species to produce the worlds food is risky.

Peres and other researchers are trying to infuse agriculture with the genetic diversity of wild species. His research team started with a wild tomato and used CRISPR to edit a handful of key genes. Its goal was to make the versions of the genes in wild tomato look like the versions of the genes in domesticated tomato. In doing so, the wild tomato species gained some beneficial characteristics common to domesticated species. Through this process, de novo domestication, Peres and colleagues produced a tomato with more fruit, bigger fruit and more lycopene than wild tomatoes and that are genetically diverse from conventional domesticated tomatoes.

Does a change in plant size or color affect which insects are attracted to it? How does that affect the predators of those insects?

But, looking beyond a single crop into the ecosystem within which it exists is important, says Yolanda Chen, an associate professor in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Vermont. Chen studies the impact plant domestication can have on insect populations. She says that researchers need to consider how genes "operate within a broader community context" and not just in a single plant. Does a change in plant size or color affect which insects are attracted to it? How does that affect the predators of those insects?

Peres is mindful of the potential effects on agricultural ecosystems. Domesticating a wild tomato and growing it at scale could impact nuanced ecological relationships. Still, he says, he "sees mainly positive things" about the potential impacts of his work. "And one of the things is food security, because it is quite dangerous to depend on very few species for our food, feed and fiber."

Chen says that she thinks gene editing for de novo domestication is "less risky" than other genetic approaches, such as those that introduce entire new genes into a plant species. In de novo domestication, the edited versions of genes already exist in related domesticated tomato plants.

It likely will be a while before a new species of tomato developed to increase the genetic diversity of our food is available at the local grocery store. Peres says the work he and his group have published so far was a proof of concept; in other words, they showed that de novo domestication is feasible, but have no plan to commercialize that tomato. Theyve since turned their attention to a species of wild tomato from the Galpagos Islands that grows especially well in salty soils and is resistant to a white fly that can cause severe crop damage. If they are able to de novo domesticate this tomato, it could be used as an important crop for farmers dealing with salty, coastal soils.

In the end, Chen and Peres are both concerned about climate change, agriculture and biodiversity. They approach solutions to these concerns from different research perspectives, but both see diversity on the genetic and species levels in agricultural ecosystems as an important aspect of a food system that can withstand the challenges of climate change. In the future, domesticating new plant species potentially with gene editing might give farmers more options for growing diverse crops well-suited to specific climates.

Coral conservation

In 1770, British explorer Captain James Cook ran his ship, Endeavor, aground on the "insane labyrinth" that would become known as the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Queensland, Australia. While Cook was credited with "discovering" the reef, coral reefs had been important to indigenous people for centuries before.

A few hundred years later, pollution and warming water have resulted in huge coral bleaching events around the world. While corals can survive bleaching, the stress does lead to increased mortality. Thats bad news for the marine species that inhabit corals. When corals are lost, reef ecosystems suffer, throwing the relationships between the thousands of species including fish, invertebrates, plants and turtles that live there out of balance.

Current conservation efforts for the worlds corals have been insufficient to curb bleaching events and sustain the valuable ecosystems corals support, according to the IPBES report. So there is a certain urgency to finding new approaches to conservation. A 2019 report by biologists laid out different conservation approaches and evaluated their potential risks and benefits. And with the 2018 announcement that scientists have used CRISPR to edit genes in coral, gene editing is seen as a potential strategy. Maybe.

Current conservation efforts for the worlds corals have been insufficient to curb bleaching events and sustain the valuable ecosystems corals support.

Marie Strader, now an assistant research professor at Auburn University, was a lead researcher as a graduate student on the international team of scientists that produced the work. The scientists edited three types of genes in a vibrantly colored coral called Acropora millepora. The goal of the editing was to "break" or mutate the genes, and in some larvae, it did.

As this proof-of-concept study was successful meaning they were able to edit the coral genes they targeted at least some of the time other researchers can use their methods as a blueprint for editing other genes in Acropora millepora and editing other coral species. For starters, Strader says, theyll likely look at genes involved in the coral life cycle and temperature sensitivity. Understanding those processes, Strader says, can "translate into conservation efforts down the line."

For example, researchers can use CRISPR in the lab to help them understand which genes are important for tolerance to warm waters. If they edit a gene in the lab and the resulting coral can better tolerate warm waters, according to Strader, the scientists could look at natural coral populations for those that naturally have that genetic mutation. Armed with that understanding, researchers might be more successful at conservation efforts such as breeding corals to help them keep their cool as the heat turns up.

If they edit a gene and the resulting coral can better tolerate warm waters, the scientists could look at natural coral populations for those that naturally have that genetic mutation.

For one thing, there are still plenty of technical obstacles. In Straders work, individual edited corals ended up with a mix of edited and unedited copies of the genes. To realize the full effect of a gene edit and to pass it down to future generations, each cell of the coral ideally should have the same edit. And other details, such as making sure CRISPR edits only the targeted gene or genes, "need to be worked out before it would be a viable option for conservation purposes," Strader says.

Furthermore, says John Bruno, a marine ecologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, conservation efforts need to protect not just corals but also the thousands of other species that rely on them. According to Bruno, gene editing 10 or 20 species of corals to tolerate warm water just isnt enough. As "nobodys going to CRISPR all billion species that are in the ocean," he says, conservation needs to focus on the whole ecosystem and not just a few species. "The solution is rather obvious, just radically mitigate greenhouse gas emissions," he says acknowledging thats no easy feat.

Running interference

The situation with corals is "dire," according to Bruno. But even in coral species that have seen precipitous declines, often still many potentially on the order of millions of individuals are left, he says.

Back on shore, some animal populations are much smaller and easily could slip out of existence under the thumb of invasive species. In New Zealand, native birds evolved without mammalian predators. Many are large and flightless, so when mammals such as rats, possums and stoats arrived with humans, the birds were easy targets. According to one study, these invasive animals are responsible for the loss of an estimated 26.6 million chicks and eggs of native bird species each year.

Gene drives, which have become more plausible with the advent of gene editing, could offer a more humane way of managing invasive populations and protecting the species they endanger.

Gene drives, which have become more plausible with the advent of gene editing, could offer a more humane way of managing invasive populations and protecting the species they endanger.

"So many things have been done with the best possible intention, and we find that theres just been unforeseen consequences," says Helen Taylor, a conservation geneticist and honorary research fellow at the University of Otago. She points out that while possums are pests in New Zealand, they are an important species in Australia. If a possum with the New Zealand gene drive somehow were released in Australia, the effects could be devastating.

Maud Quinzin, a conservation geneticist and senior postdoctoral associate, recently began working in MITs Sculpting Evolution Lab with Kevin Esvelt, the scientist who first proposed CRISPR as a tool to create gene drives. Quinzin is using her understanding of ecosystem dynamics to help the Sculpting Evolution Lab think about the complex rippling effects of human interference in ecosystems.

Its important to look at the science from all angles, she says. "Developing gene-editing tools requires scientists with very different expertise sharing ideas and progress from early on in the process." For example, if an invasive rat species is eradicated from an island, will other species even other invasive species become more populous? "You have to think about the dynamic in that ecosystem," she says. Since suggesting that CRISPR could be used for gene drives, Esvelt himself has been vocal about his concerns.

Still, Quinzin has been on the front lines of conservation biology, watching populations of valued species go extinct, and shewants communities to be presented with all options for conservation. For scientists to present those options, though, they really need to understand the places where they might work, Quinzin says. That understanding comes not just from researchers, but also from the people who live in those places. "It is really important that you respect the values and the knowledge in a place," Quinzin says, including "not only the scientific information but also the indigenous or local knowledge." By engaging with local communities as technology develops, Quinzin says, researchers can focus on developing technology in ways that align with a communitys cultural, social, political and environmental values.

Moving forward

In the short term, agriculture might be the most likely use of CRISPR to protect biodiversity. In fact, the first gene-edited crop hit the market in the United States in early 2019. Individual countries are still figuring out how to regulate edited plants, with a big distinction being made between plants that could have emerged through natural mutations and plants containing larger edits, such as those containing new DNA.

At the very least, the work of scientists such as Peres could expand the genetic diversity of our crop plants, adding more options to the table as farmers, scientists and other stakeholders work toward a food-secure world. And having options is important. No single solution can save biodiversity everywhere. And carelessly applied solutions can cause more problems.

Scientists do seem to be proceeding with caution. At least some coral researchers decline to consider using CRISPR in the wild. Scientists studying gene drives are vocally pointing out the limitations of the technology and extolling the role nonscientists must play in the decisions to use or not use CRISPR for conservation purposes.

"I think we have a really big not just opportunity, but an obligation to get it out there in the public eye as much as possible," Piaggio says. And if scientists dont get public buy-in, they shouldnt use the technology, she says. "I think we have to be OK with that."

Quinzin says that she and other scientists in her group want guidance from the public. At the same time, she notes that CRISPR "could be such an amazing tool if we are respectful [and] responsible and use it properly."

There are no perfect or universal solutions to the biodiversity crisis the world is facing. And the causes cannot be forgotten in pursuit of an antidote. Thats why it will take scientists and conservationists with diverse approaches working in different areas to make a difference.

This article was originally published on Ensia.

Continue reading here:
Can the gene editing technology CRISPR help reduce biodiversity loss worldwide? - GreenBiz

A gene-editing technique that has shown promise as a potential cure for sickle-cell disease is now being tested in humans. But if it works, will the people who need it even be able to get it? Now that a cure may be in sight, this is an urgent question, says Vence Bonham, a senior advisor to the director of the National Human Genome Research Institute.

Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder that affects millions of people in the world. It causes the production of abnormal red blood cells and can lead to intense pain, strokes, and organ and tissue damage.

From a scientific perspective, its an exciting time for people who suffer from the disease, Bonham said today at MIT Technology Reviews EmTech conference. Researchers are testing a technique that uses the precise gene-editing tool CRISPR to modify a single gene associated with the disease.

Justin Saglio

But from a sociological standpoint, argued Bonham, the work is just beginning. SCD is more common in certain ethnic groups, particularly people of African descent. And while there are around 100,000 people with the disease in the US, the vast majority live in sub-Saharan Africa and India, Bonham said.

He and colleagues recently conducted a study intended to explore the attitudes and beliefs toward the promising technique held among people with SCD, their family members, and their physicians. Many of the people Bonham and his colleagues spoke with expressed skepticism that a potential CRISPR-based cure would be affordable and accessible to those who need it. Although they did find renewed hope, they also observed cautionary, apprehensive undertones to this hope, which they concluded stem in part from decades of medical disenfranchisement of the SCD community.

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According to one physician interviewed for the study, there is a danger that other rare diseases that tend to affect people with more resources might get more attention and, potentially, funding. As a result, there is a concern that the SCD population could get left in the dust. This population is already skeptical, since they have been left in the dust with so many other things, the physician added.

Besides a cure itself, we also need better and cheaper ways to expand the benefits of this new technology, Bonham said. The potential is great, but we must ask the question: Who will benefit?

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CRISPR could help us cure sickle-cell disease. But patients are wary. - MIT Technology Review

(more about Power Words)

cancerAny of more than 100 different diseases, each characterized by the rapid, uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. The development and growth of cancers, also known as malignancies, can lead to tumors, pain and death.

Cas9An enzyme that geneticists are now using to help edit genes.It can cut through DNA, allowing it to fix broken genes, splice in new ones or disable certain genes. Cas9 is shepherded to the place it is supposed to make cuts by CRISPRs, a type of genetic guides. The Cas9 enzyme came from bacteria. When viruses invade a bacterium, this enzyme can chop up the germs DNA, making it harmless.

cellThe smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Typically too small to see with the unaided eye, it consists of a watery fluid surrounded by a membrane or wall. asyeasts, molds, bacteria and some algae, are composed of only one cell.

clinicaltrialA research trial that involves people.

CRISPRAn abbreviation pronounced crisper for the term clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. These are pieces of RNA, an information-carrying molecule. They are copied from the genetic material of viruses that infect bacteria. When a bacterium encounters a virus that it was previously exposed to, it produces an RNA copy of the CRISPR that contains that virus genetic information. The RNA then guides an enzyme, called Cas9, to cut up the virus and make it harmless. Scientists are now building their own versions of CRISPR RNAs. These lab-made RNAs guide the enzyme to cut specific genes in other organisms. Scientists use them, like a genetic scissors, to edit or alter specific genes so that they can then study how the gene works, repair damage to broken genes, insert new genes or disable harmful ones.

disorder(in medicine) A condition where the body does not work appropriately, leading to what might be viewed as an illness. This term can sometimes be used interchangeably with disease.

DNA(short for deoxyribonucleic acid) Along, double-stranded and spiral-shaped molecule inside most living cells that carries genetic instructions. It is built on a backbone of phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon atoms. In all living things, from plants and animals to microbes, these instructions tell cells which molecules to make.

engineerA person who uses science to solve problems. As a verb, to engineer means to design a device, material or process that will solve some problem or unmet need.

gene(adj. genetic) A segment of DNA that codes, or holds instructions, for a cells production of a protein. Offspring inherit genes from their parents. Genes influence how an organism looks and behaves.

geneticHaving to do with chromosomes, DNA and the genes contained within DNA. The field of science dealing with these biological instructions is known as genetics. People who work in this field are geneticists.

hemoglobinA molecule that binds to oxygen in the blood, carrying it around to tissues.

immune(adj.) Having to do with the immunity. (v.) Able to ward off a particular infection.Alternatively, this term can be used to mean an organism shows no impacts from exposure to a particular poison or process. More generally, the term may signal that something cannot be hurt by a particular drug, disease or chemical.

insightThe ability to gain an accurate and deep understanding of a situation just by thinking about it, instead of working out a solution through experimentation.

multiplemyelomaThis cancer starts in a type of white blood cells known as plasma cells. Part of the immune system, they help guard the body from germs and other harmful substances.

muscleA type of tissue used to produce movement by contracting its cells, known as muscle fibers. Muscle is rich in protein, which is why predatory species seek prey containinglots of this tissue.

mutation(v. mutate) Some change that occurs to a gene in an organisms DNA. Some mutations occur naturally. Others can be triggered by outside factors, such as pollution, radiation, medicines or something in the diet. A gene with this change is referred to as a mutant.

nerveA long, delicate fiberthat transmits signalsacross the body of an animal. An animals backbone contains many nerves, some of which control the movement of its legs or fins, and some of which convey sensations such as hot, cold or pain.

neuronAn impulse-conducting cell. Such cells are found in the brain, spinal column and nervous system.

oxygenA gas that makes up about 21 percent of Earth's atmosphere. All animals and many microorganisms need oxygen to fuel their growth (and metabolism).

pharmaceuticalsMedicines, especially prescription drugs.

plasma (in medicine) The colorless fluid part of blood.

proteinA compoundmade from one or more long chains of amino acids. Proteins are an essential part of all living organisms. They form the basis of living cells, muscle and tissues; they also do the work inside of cells. Among the better-known, stand-alone proteins are thehemoglobin (in blood) and the antibodies (also in blood) that attempt to fight infections. Medicines frequently work by latching onto proteins.

redblood cellColored red by hemoglobin, these cells move oxygen from the lungs to all tissues of the body. Red blood cells are too small to be seen by the unaided eye.

retinaA layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that travel along the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.

RNAA molecule that helps read the genetic information contained in DNA. A cells molecular machinery reads DNA to create RNA, and then reads RNA to create proteins.

sarcomaA family of more than 70 cancers that begin in bones or in connective tissues.

technologyThe application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry or the devices, processes and systems that result from those efforts.

therapy(adj. therapeutic) Treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder.

variantA version of something that may come in different forms. (ingenetics) A gene having a slight mutation that may have left its host species somewhat better adapted for its environment.

wombAnother name for the uterus, the organ in mammals in which a fetus grows and matures in preparation for birth.

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Genetics CRISPR enters its first human trials - Science News for Students

In a recent review, scientists highlight the potential of gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 to not only understand the molecular mechanisms behind Parkinsons disease, but also identify new targets for treatment.

The review study, Interrogating Parkinsons disease associated redox targets: Potential application of CRISPR editing, was published in the journal Free Radical Biology and Medicine.

One of the hallmarks of PD is the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra a brain region involved in the control of voluntary movements, and one of the most affected in PD. This occurs due to the clustering of a protein called alpha-synuclein in structures commonly known as Lewy bodies inside neurons.

Parkinsons is complex and multifactorial disease, with both genetic and environmental factors playing a role in either triggering or exacerbating the disease.

Genetic causes can explain 10% of all cases of PD called familial PD , meaning that in the majority of the cases (sporadic PD) there is an interplay between genetics and environmental risk factors.

Researchers atSechenov Universityin Russia and theUniversity of Pittsburgh reviewed the role of metabolic pathways, especially problems with mitochondria cells powerhouses and iron accumulation, as well as mechanisms in cell death (called apoptosis and ferroptosis) in the development and progression of Parkinsons disease.

These processes were discussed in the context of genome editing technologies, namely CRISPR/Cas9 a technique that allows scientists to edit genomes, inserting or deleting DNA sequences, with precision, efficiency and flexibility.

CRISPR is a promising technology, a strategy to find new effective treatments to neurodegenerative diseases, Margarita Artyukhova, a student at the Institute for Regenerative Medicineat Sechenov and the study first author, said in a press release.

Mitochondria dont work as they should in people withPD, resulting in shortages of cellular energy that cause neurons to fail and ultimately die, particularlydopamine-producing neurons. Faulty mitochondria are also linked to the abnormal production of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stressan imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of cells to detoxify them that also damages cells over time.

Because mitochondrial dysfunction is harmful, damaged mitochondria are usually eliminated (literally, consumed and expelled) in a process called mitophagy an important cleansing process in which two genes, called PINK1 and PRKN, play crucialroles. Harmful changes in mitophagy regulation is linked with neurodegeneration in Parkinsons.

Previous studies with animal models carrying mutations in the PINK1and PRKNgenes showed that these animals developed typical features of PD mitochondrial dysfunction, muscle degeneration, and a marked loss of dopamine-producing neurons.

PINK1codes for an enzyme that protects brain cells against oxidative stress, whilePRKNcodes for a protein called parkin. Both are essential for proper mitochondrial function and recycling by mitophagy. Mutations in both the PINK1 and PRKNgene have been linked with early-onset PD.

However, new research suggests that the role of PINK1 and PRKNin Parkinsons could be more complex and involve other genes likePARK7(DJ-1), SNCA (alpha-synuclein) andFBXO7 as well as a fat molecule called cardiolipin.

CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology may be used to help assess the role of different genetic players in Parkinsons disease, and to look for unknown genes associated with disease progression and development. Moreover, this technology can help generate animal and cellular models that might help scientists decipher the role of certain proteins in Parkinsons and discover potential new treatment targets.

Iron is another important metabolic cue in Parkinsons. While its essential for normal physiological functions, excessive levels of iron can be toxic and lead to the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra.

Iron may also interact with dopamine, promoting the production of toxic molecules that damage mitochondria and cause alpha-synuclein buildup within neurons.

CRISPR/Cas9 technology can be used to help dissect the role of proteins involved in iron transport inside neurons, which in turn may aid in designing therapies to restore iron levels to normal in the context of Parkinsons disease.

Finally, researchers summarized evidence related to the role of two cell death pathways ferroptosis and apoptosis in PD. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death mechanism by which iron changes fat (lipid) molecules, turning them toxic to neurons. This process has been implicated in cell death associated with degenerative diseases like Parkinsons, and drugs that work to inhibit ferroptosis have shown an ability to halt neurodegeneration in animal models of the disease.

Apoptosis refers to a programmed cell death mechanism, as opposed to cell death caused by injury. Both apoptosis and ferroptosis speed the death of dopaminergic neurons.

CRISPR/Cas9 may help to pinpoint the key players in cell death that promote the loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinsons disease, while understanding the array of proteins that are involved in these processes.

These insights into the mechanisms of PD pathology [disease mechanisms] may be used for the identification of new targets for therapeutic interventions and innovative approaches to genome editing, including CRISPR/Cas9, the researchers wrote.

Genome editing technology is currently being used in clinical trials to treat patients with late-stage cancers and inherited blood disorders, Artyukhova notes in the release.

These studies allow us to see vast potential of genome editing as a therapeutic strategy. Its hard not to be thrilled and excited when you understand that progress of genome editing technologies can completely change our understanding of treatment of Parkinsons disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, she adds.

Patricia holds a Ph.D. in Cell Biology from University Nova de Lisboa, and has served as an author on several research projects and fellowships, as well as major grant applications for European Agencies. She has also served as a PhD student research assistant at the Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York.

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CRISPR/Cas9 Potential in Advancing Parkinson's Understanding and Treatment Focus of Review Study - Parkinson's News Today