Archive for September, 2019

Sleek CRISPR systems get almost all the attention. They rely on single-protein nucleases instead of multiunit effectors, which are, presumably, too unwieldy for gene engineering applications. Yet CRISPR jumbles have been given a tumble by scientists at Duke University. Led by Charles Gersbach, PhD, the Rooney Family associate professor of biomedical engineering and Adrian Oliver, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow, these scientists used a multiunit effector system to turn target genes on and off in human cells.

Specifically, the scientists used a class 1 CRISPR-Cas system called Cascade (CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense). And as if it wasnt clunky enough already, the scientists tacked on a couple of extrasactivation and repression domains. The system, however, omitted the Cas enzyme that would have ordinarily been present.

In this case, the Cas enzyme would have been Cas3, a sort of molecular shredder. Leaving it out seemed a good idea, since the scientists were experimenting with gene regulation, something rather more delicate than shredding.

Using modified versions of Cascade systems from Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes, the scientists achieved both DNA targeting and transcriptional control. They presented their findings in a paper (Targeted transcriptional modulation with type I CRISPRCas systems in human cells) that appeared September 23 in Nature Biotechnology.

We validate Cascade expression, complex formation, and nuclear localization in human cells, and demonstrate programmable CRISPR RNA (crRNA)-mediated targeting of specific loci in the human genome, the articles authors wrote. By tethering activation and repression domains to Cascade, we modulate the expression of targeted endogenous genes in human cells.

Class 1 CRISPR systems, which include the type I CRISPR-Cas system in the current study, represent about 90% of all CRISPR systems in nature. Yet these systems remain largely unexplored for genome engineering applications. By demonstrating the potential of repurposed type I CRISPR-Cas systems, the Duke scientists hope to open a new and diverse frontier of genome engineering technology.

We have found Cascades structure to be remarkably modular, allowing for a variety of sites to attach activators or repressors, which are great tools for altering gene expression in human cells, said Oliver, the lead author of the study. The flexible nature of Cascade makes it a promising genome engineering technology.

[Our purpose] was to explore the diversity of CRISPR systems, added Gersbach, the studys senior author. There have been thousands of papers about CRISPR-Cas9 in the last decade, and yet were constantly learning new things about it. With this study, were applying that mindset to the other 90% of whats out there.

So far, the Duke team has shown that Class 1 systems are comparable to CRISPR-Cas9 in terms of accuracy and application. Going forward, the team intends to explore how these systems differ from their Class 2 counterparts, and how these differences could prove useful for biotechnology applications.

The team is also interested in studying how Class 1 systems could address general challenges for CRISPR-Cas research, especially issues that complicate potential therapeutic applications, like immune responses to Cas proteins and concurrently using multiple types of CRISPR for different genome engineering functions.

We know CRISPR could have a big impact on human health, noted Gersbach. But were still at the very beginning of understanding how CRISPR is going to be used, what it can do, and what systems are available to us. We expect that this new tool will enable new areas of genome engineering.

See the article here:
Clunky CRISPR Flaunts Smooth Moves in Gene Regulation - Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News

The increasing popularity of organic food is driven largely by consumers hoping to avoid pesticide exposure. When the Soil Association, a UK-based organic advocacy group, asked consumers why they didnt buy conventional foods, 95 percent of them said they did so because of pesticides. Despite the fact that organic growers do indeed utilize pesticides some of which can be very harmful to human health and wildlife the organic food movement has done its utmost to promote the myth of chemical-free natural agriculture, contrasting it with the idea that conventional farmers rely on a bevy of toxic substances to grow their crops. Organic Consumers Association (OCA) International Director Ronnie Cummins summed up this false dichotomy in a 2014 article for EcoWatch:

Organic farming prohibits the use of toxic pesticides, antibiotics, growth hormones and climate-destabilizing chemical fertilizers . Consumers are concerned about purchasing foods with high nutritional value and as few as possible synthetic or non-organic ingredients. Organic foods are nutritionally dense compared to foods produced with toxic chemicals, chemical fertilizers and GMO seeds.

Although synthetic pesticides are generally not allowed in organic farming, natural substances that control pests are not only permitted but required, because bugs will eat organic and conventional crops without hesitation. Cummins doesnt include that important clarification, though the problem with his argument isnt so much the sleight of hand but that its at complete odds with reality.

As crop biotechnology continues to advance, conventional farmers are gaining access to new tools that drastically cut pesticide use. This downward trend in chemical dependency goes back to the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops in the 1990s, and will only accelerate as more gene-edited crops and animals reach the market in the near future. The organic industry, meanwhile, continues to sit out this sustainability revolution for ideological and economic reasons, which ultimately encourages pesticide use.

Mother Natures toxic chemicals

There is a common misconception that natural substances are inherently safer than the chemicals scientists synthesize in the lab, leading to the belief that synthetic pesticides used in conventional agriculture must pose an elevated threat to human health. The organic movement has found this misconception helpful in its crusade against modern farming techniques, even in the face of evidence that both synthetic and natural pesticides can be toxic. According to Charlotte Vallaeys, food and farm policy director at the Cornucopia Institute, a non-profit organic activist group:

There was just no way that truly independent scientists . would ignore the vast and growing body of scientific literature pointing to serious health risks from eating foods produced with synthetic chemicals.

What the Cornucopia Institute seems less eager to discuss is the long list of USDA-approved substances that can be used in organic farming. Some of the products would surprise many organic food consumers, since these chemicals can be dangerous. Lime sulfur, for instance, is used to control fungi, bacteria and insects living in or dormant on the surface of bark of deciduous trees, which lose their leaves seasonally.

Lime sulfur solutions are highly alkaline and corrosive to living things; they can cause blindness through eye contact. Organic farmers growing apples and pears whose orchards are infected with fire blight can use peracetic acid to control infestation. Exposure to peracetic acid can cause irritation to the skin, eyes and respiratory system; high acute and long-term exposure can cause permanent lung damage. There have been cases of occupational asthma resulting from the use of peracetic acid. Boric acid powder can also be used in organic farming for pest control, as long as it does not come into direct contact with crops. It is poisonous if ingested and long-term exposure can cause kidney damage.

Copper sulfate can also be used in organic farming as a fungicide, and is extensively utilized in grape orchards. According to the EPA, DANGER must appear on the labels of all copper sulfate products that contain 99% active ingredient in crystalline form. Cornell Universitys Toxicology Network summary of copper sulfate poisoning explains why that is:

Some of the signs of poisoning, which occur after 1-12 grams of copper sulfate are swallowed, include a metallic taste in the mouth, burning pain in the chest and abdomen, intense nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, sweating and shockInjury to the brain, liver, kidneys and stomach and intestinal linings may also occur in copper sulfate poisoning. Copper sulfate can be corrosive to the skin and eyesCopper sulfate is very toxic to fishDirect application of copper sulfate to water may cause a significant decrease in populations of aquatic invertebrates, plants and fish.

The EU has deemed copper fungicides to be such a potential hazard to humans and the environment that it is phasing them out. In October 2018, the European Food Safety Authority released fresh data that re-affirmed the toxicity of copper compounds that are used in organic farming. In October 2018, the European Union (EU) noted:

Copper compounds, including copper sulfate, are authorized in the EU as bactericides and fungicides, even though it is a substance of particular concern to public health or the environment, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Copper compounds are candidates for substitution and their use is being phased out and replaced.

Biotechnology exposes a bigger problem

The organic food movement has a bigger problem than the obvious double standard it relies on to attack synthetic chemicals. Biotechnology has drastically cut pesticide use over the past 25 years. But since activists like OCAs Cummins also oppose crop biotech, they have twisted themselves in knots trying to justify two clearly contradictory positions.

For example, one of the most common insecticides used in organic farming is Bacilllus thuringiensis (Bt), a natural bacterium found in the soil. Yet when Bt is spliced into a seed to create genetically modified corn, soybean, cotton and brinjal (a type of eggplant), the organic movement vehemently objects, claiming that these insect-resistant crops are dangerous to human health and the environment. Both claims have been thoroughly debunked by years of research.

Instead of criticizing GM Bt crops, the organic movement should be applauding their cultivation, which has led to a substantial reduction in the use of pesticides. Farmers in India who grow Bt cotton, for example, have seen their use of pesticides decline by more than 60 percent. A June 2019 study on the introduction of Bt brinjal in Bangladesh similarly noted the crop provides essentially complete control of the eggplant fruit and shoot borer, dramatically reduces insecticide sprays, provides a six fold increase in grower profit, and does not affect non-target arthropod biodiversity. Overall, GM crops are responsible for a 37 percent decline in pesticide use worldwide, and the widespread adoption of Bt technology has been an enormous part of that development.

Other biotech innovations are poised to cut agricultural pesticide use even more. New gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR may enable researchers to manipulate the genetics of insect populations to provide a chemical-free pest control method. University of California, San Diego researchers explored one possible approach in a January 2019 study:

Using the CRISPR gene-editing tool, researchers have developed a new way to control and suppress populations of insects, potentially including those that ravage agricultural crops and transmit deadly diseases. The precision-guided sterile insect technique (PGSIT) alters key genes that control insect sex determination and fertility. When PGSIT eggs are introduced into targeted populations, only adult sterile males emerge resulting in a novel, environmentally friendly and relatively low-cost method of controlling pest populations in the future.

Editing the genome of insects that damage important crops and fortifying the natural defenses of plants could allow farmers to markedly reduce pesticide use. CRISPR-edited apples can be protected against fire blight disease, for instance, without the use of peracetic acid. The organic food movement should welcome such developments, but it continues to oppose them because of scientifically unwarranted concerns that crop biotechnology might be hazardous to human health and the environment.

Ideological considerations, like extreme distrust of corporations, partially explain why anti-GM activists continue to perpetuate unfounded fears of genetic modification and mislead the public about the use of pesticides in organic farming. But economics offers some insight as well, as the organic food movement needs to justify the high cost of organically grown food. It does so by disparaging conventionally grown and genetically engineered crops by raising non-existent health and environmental concerns.

According to former Secretary of Agriculture Dan Glickman, the organic label is a marketing tool. It is not a statement about food safety. Nor is organic a value judgment about nutrition or quality. Such a fact is clear to anyone who takes the time to look at the evidence. Molecular biologist Louis Hom offers an important explanation of why many in the organic movement are so reluctant to acknowledge the veracity of Glickmans uncontroversial statement:

For obvious reasons, organic farmers have done little, if anything, to dispel the myth that organic = chemical/pesticide-free. They would only stand to lose business by making such a disclosure.

Steven E. Cerier is a freelance international economist and a frequent contributor to the Genetic Literacy Project

Read more:
Viewpoint: How organic industry opposition to CRISPR gene editing encourages pesticide use - Genetic Literacy Project

The race to engineer the next-generation banana is on. The Colombian government confirmed [in August] that a banana-killing fungus has invaded the Americas the source of much of the worlds banana supply. The invasion has given new urgency to efforts to create fruit that can withstand the scourge.

Scientists are using a mix of approaches to save the banana. A team in Australia has inserted a gene from wild bananas into the top commercial variety known as the Cavendish and are currently testing these modified bananas in field trials. Researchers are also turning to the powerful, precise gene-editing tool CRISPR to boost the Cavendishs resilience against the fungus, known as Fusarium wilt tropical race 4 (TR4).

In an attempt to make biotech bananas more palatable to regulators, [James Dale, a biotechnologist at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia] is . editing the Cavendishs genome with CRISPR to boost its resilience to TR4, instead of inserting foreign genes.

Specifically, hes trying to turn on a dormant gene in the Cavendish that confers resistance to TR4 the same gene that he identified in M. acuminate. But the work is still in its early stages. Itll be a couple of years before these get into the field for trials, Dale says.

Read full, original article: CRISPR might be the bananas only hope against a deadly fungus

The rest is here:
World's favorite banana faces extinction. Are GMOs, CRISPR the final hope? - Genetic Literacy Project

A research team from the University of Missouri School of Medicine has recently used CRISPR to edit a genetic mutation that contributes to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This rare and debilitating genetic disorder is characterized by loss of muscle mass and physical impairment. By using this powerful gene-editing technology, these MU School of Medicine researchers have successfully treated mouse models of the disease. This work was published this summer in the journal Molecular Therapy.

Those with DMD possess a specific mutation that hinders the production of the dystrophin protein, which contributes to the structural integrity of muscle tissue. In the absence of this protein, the muscle cells weaken and eventually die. Pediatric patients with the condition often lose their ability to walk and can even lose the function of muscles that are essential for respiration and heart contractions.

Research has shown that CRISPR can be used to edit out the mutation that causes the early death of muscle cells in an animal model, explained senior author Dongsheng Duan, PhD, Margaret Proctor Mulligan Professor in Medical Research in the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology at the MU School of Medicine. However, there is a major concern of relapse because these gene-edited muscle cells wear out over time. If we can correct the mutation in muscle stem cells, then cells regenerated from the edited stem cells will no longer carry the mutation. A one-time treatment of the muscle stem cells with CRISPR could result in continuous dystrophin expression in regenerated muscle cells.

Working alongside other researchers from MU, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Duke University, Duan aimed to genetically modify muscle stem cells in mice. These scientists first edited the gene using an adeno-associated virus known as AAV9. Being this specific viral strain was recently approved by the FDA in treating spinal muscular atrophy, the researchers saw it as a viable candidate in treating DMD.

We transplanted AAV9 treated muscle into an immune-deficient mouse, said lead author Michael Nance, an MD-PhD program student in Duans lab. The transplanted muscle died first then regenerated from its stem cells. If the stem cells were successfully edited, the regenerated muscle cells should also carry the edited gene.

Upon analyzing the regenerated muscle tissue, the researchers found that its cells contained the edited gene, supporting their reasoning. The team then tested whether the muscle stem cells in mice with DMD could be genetically edited using CRISPR. These findings also supported their hypothesis, with the stem cells in the diseased tissue sustaining these edits and the regenerated cells successfully producing dystrophin.

This finding suggests that CRISPR gene editing may provide a method for lifelong correction of the genetic mutation in DMD and potentially other muscle diseases, explained Duan. Our research shows that CRISPR can be used to effectively edit the stem cells responsible for muscle regeneration. The ability to treat the stem cells that are responsible for maintaining muscle growth may pave the way for a one-time treatment that can provide a source of gene-edited cells throughout a patients life.

Duan and colleagues hope that future research will help this stem cell CRISPR therapy become a revolutionary treatment for children with DMD.

More:
Editing Muscle Stem Cells with CRISPR Treats Mouse Model of Muscular Dystrophy - DocWire News

RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C., Sept. 24, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Locus Biosciences today announced that it has been named by FierceBiotech as one of 2019's Fierce 15 biotechnology companies, designating it as one of the most promising private biotechnology companies in the industry.

"This year has seen unrivalled scientific talent in the early-stage life sciences world and it has been a pleasure for us at FierceBiotech to speak to all 15 winners and hear their passion, progress and panache," said Ben Adams, senior editor of FierceBiotech. "Each company brought something different, exciting and potentially life-changing for a myriad of patients around the world across a host of diseases and disorders, using cutting-edge science, top-notch teams and a drive to genuinely make the world a better place, despite the risks and challenges that, as ever in biotech, lay ahead."

Locus Biosciences develops CRISPR-engineered precision antibacterial products to address critical unmet medical needs in antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections and microbiome-related disease. Locus is the world leader in CRISPR-engineered bacteriophage therapeutics, uniquely leveraging the powerful Type I CRISPR-Cas3 system to specifically destroy the DNA of target bacteria cells, quickly killing them. This DNA-shredding technology is the most potent mechanism of action known for driving cell death using CRISPR and is distinct from the Cas9 systems widely used in gene editing.

"We are proud to be named to the 2019 Fierce 15 list," said Paul Garofolo, CEO of Locus. "FierceBiotech has a phenomenal track record of identifying private biotechnology companies that are on the cusp of rapid growth and value creation, and we are pleased to be recognized along with the other promising companies on the list this year."

The Fierce 15 celebrates the spirit of being "fierce" championing innovation and creativity, even in the face of intense competition. Every year FierceBiotech evaluates hundreds of private companies from around the world for its annual Fierce 15 list, which is based on a variety of factors such as the strength of its technology, partnerships, venture backers and a competitive market position. This is FierceBiotech's 17th annual Fierce 15 selection.

About Locus Biosciences Locus Biosciences is an emerging biotechnology company developing CRISPR Cas3-engineered precision antibacterial products. Its novel approach leverages an adaptive immune system present in many bacteria called the CRISPR-Cas system to engineer bacteriophages that precisely kill target bacteria while leaving non-targeted beneficial bacteria unharmed. Locus is rapidly moving its lead programs into clinical development for infectious disease and microbiome indications. For more information about Locus visit https://www.locus-bio.com/.

About FierceBiotech FierceBiotechis the biotech industry's daily monitor, an email newsletter and web resource providing the latest biotech news, articles, and resources related to clinical trials, drug discovery, FDA approval, FDA regulation, patent news, pharma news, biotech company news and more. More than 150,000 top biotech professionals rely on FierceBiotech for an insider briefing on the day's top stories. Signup is free at http://www.fiercebiotech.com/signup.

View original content to download multimedia:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/locus-biosciences-selected-by-fiercebiotech-as-one-of-its-fierce-15-biotech-companies-of-2019-300924206.html

SOURCE Locus Biosciences

See the article here:
Locus Biosciences selected by FierceBiotech as one of its "Fierce 15" Biotech Companies of 2019 - P&T Community

Canadian researchers bring together microfluidic and genomic technologies for drug discovery in cancer and regenerative medicine

The project, which also involved electrical engineers, is aimed at searching the human genome for genes, and the associated protein products, that can be targeted by drugs to treat a variety of illnesses. This is normally a very lengthy task, but research leaders Shana Kelley and Jason Moffat of the University of Toronto reasoned that combining the techniques they were working on respectively, a magnetic sorting technique and gene-editing using CRISPR might speed the process up. As they report in a paper in Nature Biomedical Engineering, their hunch was correct.

Both researchers were working on a large multi-centre project called Medicine by Design, with Kelley, a pharmacist, leading a team that was building microfluidic devices which use tiny magnets incorporated into cells to sort large mixed populations of cells. Moffat, a cellular and biomedical research specialist, was using CRISPR, a powerful technique for identifying and manipulating specific genes in cells, to study how the bodys immune system is triggered to attack certain cells but not others. A conversation in a corridor led researchers to combine their research strands, resulting in what Kelley calls an engine for the discovery of new therapeutic targets in cells.

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The teams paper describes how they used CRISPR to reveal promising drug targets by switching off genes that produce proteins that help cancer to spread. Using techniques developed by Kelley, the researchers bound tiny magnetic particles to the target proteins which reside on the surface of the cells that produce them, and funnelled the entire population of cells into a device about half the size of a credit card, streaked with strips of magnetic material that capture the marked cells into collection channels corresponding to the amount of magnetic material on the surface, which corresponded to the concentration of the target protein.

To test the method, they focused on cancer immunotherapy, a technique which tricks the immune system into attacking mutated cancer cells (normally, these would be ignored, leading to growth and spread of the cancer). Using CRISPR, they identified a gene that produces a protein known as CD47, which signals immune cells not to attack cancer cells often hijack this process to escape detection. Previous research had indicated that blocking CD47 directly with drugs leads to harmful side effects, so just tricking the cell to produce less might be a more effective treatment. The CRISPR screen identified an enzyme that helps camouflage the protein from the immune system, and could be blocked with an off-the-shelf drug, and the microfluidic device successfully sorted cells with the gene producing the enzyme from a mixed population of cells.

As many as one billion cells can travel down this highway of magnetic guides at once and we can process that in one hour, says Kelley. Its a huge gamechanger for CRISPR screens. Using current sorting techniques, which employ fluorescent markers picked out by lasers, the same sorting procedure would take 20-30 hours, making drug discovery an expensive and arduous task.

Kelley and Moffat also hope the technique can be used in regenerative medicine, to identify genes that activate stem cells to transform into specific cell types, which would make it easier to harvest the right sort of cells for therapies.

More:
Magnetic sorting and genomic technique for drug discovery - The Engineer

Organic synthesis is going up against biochemistry for this years predictions of who will take home chemistrys most coveted award the chemistry Nobel prize. With just two weeks until the laureates are announced, Web of Sciences citation data analysis team has put forward cycloaddition reactions, Southern blot gene analysis, and protein and DNA sequencing as their chemistry Nobel champions.

Community polls, however, favour scientists such as lithium-ion battery icon John Goodenough, MOF maven Omar Yaghi and discoverer of the Crispr gene-editor Jennifer Doudna names that have repeatedly come up when discussing chemistrys most prestigious award.

Web of Science analysed 47 million papers in its database, selecting their candidates from the authors of the 0.01% of studies that have been cited more than 2000 times. Now in its 17th year, Web of Sciences analysis has successfully predicted 50 Nobel laureates (although not usually the year that they receive the prize), including Fraser Stoddart (2016 prize) and Martin Karplus (2013 prize). Twenty-nine citation laureates won their prize within two years of being listed.

Web of Sciences prediction for the chemistry Nobel this year are Rolf Huisgen and Morten Meldal for developing their eponymous cycloaddition reactions, Edwin Southern for his single gene analysis method the Southern blot, and Leroy Hood, Marvin Caruthers and Michael Hunkapiller for protein and DNA sequencing and synthesis.

Web of Sciences physics prize predictions include some chemistry themes, too. Suggestions include Tony Heinz, who uncovered the properties of 2D materials including graphene and molybdenum sulfide, John Perdews work on advancing density functional theory for electronic structure calculations and Artur Ekert for work on quantum computing.

For the physiology or medicine Nobel, Web of Science suggests Hans Clevers discovery of a biochemical signalling pathway that plays a role in stem cells and cancer, John Kapplers and Philippa Marracks research into the immune systems self-tolerance, and optogenetics using light to control living cells developed by Karl Deisseroth, Ernst Bamberg and Gero Miesenbck.

Meanwhile, by harnessing the wisdom of the crowd, a Chemistry Views polls most popular predictions for the next chemistry laureate are Krzysztof Matyjaszewski, the developer of atom transfer radical polymerisation, astrochemist Ewine van Dishoeck, who hunts interstellar molecules, and (again) MOF pioneer Omar Yaghi. Matyjaszewski and Yaghi were community favourites in last years poll.

Honorary society Sigma Xi is currently running a contest that pits Jennifer Doudnas Crispr against James Tours molecular electronics, while Allen Bards scanning electrochemical microscope is facing-off against Stuart Schreibers biochemical signal transduction. Carolyn Bertozzis bio-orthogonal chemistry is going head-to-head with Jean Frechets molecular dynamics simulations, while John Goodenoughs lithium-ion batteries will battle bioinorganic chemistry pioneered by Harry Gray and Stephen Lippard.

Several of these names have appeared in past chemistry Nobel predictions. Last year, Inside Science suggested Doudna alongside Crispr co-discoverer Emmanuelle Charpentier. They also put forward Barry Sharpless as a possible repeat winner. He won the chemistry prize in 2001 for asymmetric oxidation reactions but could win again for developing click chemistry reactions.

Goodenoughs name has become a staple of chemistry Nobel predictions. In 2017, scientist and blogger Ashutosh Jogalekar suggested Goodenough might win the prize together with Stanley Whittingham. Lithium-ion batteries also won Nature Chemistry editor Stuart Cantrills Twitter poll of Nobel hopefuls last year.

The winners of the chemistry Nobel prize will be announced on Wednesday 9 October and Chemistry World will be live blogging the event. The physiology or medicine prize will be awarded on Monday and physics on Tuesday.

See the original post here:
Inspired guesswork goes head-to-head with number crunching for Nobel predictions - Chemistry World

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This ready to use report offers you detailed insight into the global crispr technology industry with market size, in value terms, estimated at USD million/billion for the period. It also provides the projected growth rate for the next 56 years along with forecast market value. The study includes estimation of market size, detailed profile of products/services, SWOT of manufacturers/providers, their strategies, and recent developments in the industry. In brief the Global CRISPR Technology Market 2019 research report by Report Ocean offers industry data, trends, qualitative information, and competitive landscape, not easily accessible, and culled from multiple sources so that it acts as a ready recknor for you. The report is in-depth, authentic, exhaustive and very exclusive.

Takeaways from the Report:

You will learn about the market drivers for the projected period

You will get to know about the headwinds hampering the market growth

You will be exposed to the segment-region-wise analysis of major geographical areas, viz, North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the rest

You will know the market size at the country level

You will get detailed insight into the strategic and actual happenings of the key players in the crispr technology industry, including research and developments, collaboration, working partnership, and other acts, product launches, etc.

You will be provided details of various segments

You will also be enlightened about the value and supply chain analysis of the market

Parameters for the Study:

The exhaustive study has been prepared painstakingly by considering all possible parameters. Some of these were

Consumers options and preferences

Consumer spending dynamics and trends

Market driving trends

Projected opportunities

Perceived challenges and constraints

Technological environment and facilitators

Government regulations

Other developments

Research Methodology:

While preparing the study of global crispr technology market for the reference year, we took recourse to collect qualitative and quantitative information based on primary sources (nearly 80% weightage) through personal interactions, and secondary research, along with consultation with industry level professionals and experts. Historical trends and current market estimates were arrived at and analyzed to predict the likely direction in which the market will move in the next 56 years.

The report also studies the varying trends of diverse segments and subcategories, presented geographically, based on primary and secondary research. These are cross-checked by interviewing the key level decision-makers, such as CEOs, VPs, Directors, etc. of the relevant companies at the top and mid-size segments; this leads to gaining of more profound insights into the market and industry performance, which in turn authenticates and substantiates the findings.

Secondary research mainly focused on identifying, collecting, collating, and analyzing information needed for an extensive, market-oriented, commercial, and client-friendly study of the crispr technology market. This result also led to generating information about the major players, market classification, and segmentation according to the industry trends, geographic locations, and technological developments related to the market. Our team of field force and deck-based researchers gathered information from various credible sources such as annual reports of the companies, filings with regulatory agencies, journals, white paper, corporate presentations, company websites, paid database, and many more. In addition to sources like Hoovers, Factiva, Bloomberg, Report Linker, we used our in-house database to generate a very very trustworthy report.

We followed, concurrently, both the Bottom-Up approach and Top-Down approach. Under the former, we assessed the market size of individual markets by performing primaries and secondaries of major countries which hold around 7580% of the regional market share. Then we extrapolated the same to derive the projected size of any specific region such as Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, etc. Under the latter approach, first, we estimated the size of the global market and then broke it down at specific country level. After performing both the processes, we invoke gap analysis, where we identify the deviation/differences in market size at the country, regional, and global level. Then through having relook at data sources, data, and analytics we rework on the report so that no gap remained. Ultimately both the approaches should yield the same output

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Summary

Global CRISPR Technology Market valued approximately USD 449.6 million in 2017 is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 25 % over the forecast period 2018-2025. Increasing availability of government and private funding and growing adoption of CRISPR technology are some key trends that are responsible for the wide adoption of CRISPR Technology globally. As per the Congressional Research Service (US), CRISPR-related research funding by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grew from $5.1 million in FY2011 to $603 million in FY2016, such high funding in the CRISPR has set the scientific foundation for advanced gene editing technologies such as CRISPR-CAS 9. Moreover, between the periods of 2006-2016 (FY) as per National Institute of Health (NIH) approximately $981 million was funded by the NIH for CRISPR related researches. Further in 2017, as per the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the DARPA has announced to invest $65 million over the course of next four years till 2021 in order to make CRISPR Gene Editing Safer and to counter bioterrorism threats. According to Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the biopharmaceutical R&D expenditure in the United States grew in 2014 was ~$53.5 billion which grew up-to $58.8 billion in 2015. Similarly, according to the Gov.UK in 2017, UK government recently opened its doors to develop drug discovery by investing around $7.16 million that would help businesses to meet and understand the challenges involved in developing drugs. By use of CRISPR, several drugs can be developed which can enhance the effectiveness and quality of medicines and vaccines available in the market for various blood disorders and heart diseases. As a result, the adoption of CRISPR technology would increase thereby, aiding the growth of the market. However, high cost associated with CRISPR technology and presence of alternative technologies are the major factors that impede the growth of global CRISPR Technology market.

The leading Market players mainly include-

Thermo Fisher Scientific

Merck KGaA

GenScript

Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT)

Horizon Discovery Group

Agilent Technologies

Cellecta, Inc.

GeneCopoeia, Inc.

New England Biolabs

Origene Technologies, Inc.

On the basis of segmentation, the CRISPR technology market is segmented into product & services, application and e..continue..

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Growth Dynamics on Global CRISPR Technology Market Detailed Insights on Upcoming Trends 2019 - ScoopJunction

Watching some recent stock price activity for CRISPR Therapeutics AG (:CRSP), we have seen shares trading near the $47.7 level. Investors have a wide range of tools at their disposal when undertaking stock research. Investors will often monitor the current stock price in relation to its 52-week high and low levels. The 52-week high is currently $52.56, and the 52-week low is presently $22.73. When the current stock price is trading close to either the 52-week high or 52-week low, investors may pay increased attention to see if there will be a breakthrough that level. Taking a look at some previous stock price activity, we can see that shares have moved 66.96% since the beginning of the year. Pulling the focus closer to the last 4 weeks, shares have seen a change of 2.12%. Over the past 5 trading days, the stock has moved -3.97%.Over the past 12 weeks, the stock has seen a change of -0.02%.

Investors may be searching high and low for the next breakout winner in the stock market. As companies continue to release quarterly earnings reports, investors will be looking for stocks that have the potential to move to the upside in the coming months. Tracking earnings can be a good way for investors to see how the company is stacking up to analyst estimates. Some investors prefer to track sell-side estimates very closely. Others prefer to do their own research and make their own best guesses on what the actual numbers will be. A solid earnings beat may help ease investor worries if the stock has been underperforming recently. On the flip side, a bad earnings miss may cause investors to take a much closer look at what the future prospects look like for the company.

Investors might be paying attention to what Wall Street analysts think about shares of CRISPR Therapeutics AG (:CRSP). Taking a peek at the current consensus broker rating, we can see that the ABR is 2.07. This average rating is provided by Zacks Research. This simplified numeric scale spans the range of one to five which translates brokerage firm Buy/Sell/Hold recommendations into an average broker rating. A low number in the 1-2 range typically indicates a Buy, 3 indicates a Hold and 4-5 represents a consensus Sell rating. In terms of the number of analysts that have the stock rated as a Buy or Strong Buy, we can see that the number is currently 9.

Shifting the focus to some earnings data, we have noted that the current quarter EPS consensus estimate for CRISPR Therapeutics AG (:CRSP) is -0.95. This EPS estimate consists of 6 Wall Street analysts taken into consideration by Zacks Research. For the previous reporting period, the company posted a quarterly EPS of -1.01. Sell-side analysts often provide their best researched estimates at what the company will report. These estimates hold a lot of weight on Wall Street and the investing community. Sometimes these analyst projections are spot on, and other times they are off. When a company reports actual earnings results, the surprise factor can cause a stock price to fluctuate. Investors will often pay added attention to a company that has beaten estimates by a large margin.

Looking at some analyst views on shares of CRISPR Therapeutics AG (:CRSP), we note that the consensus target price is resting at $67.94. This is the consensus target using estimates provided by the covering analysts polled. Sell-side analysts often produce target estimates for the companies that they track closely. Price target estimates can be calculated using various methods, and this may cause some analyst estimates to be drastically different than others. Many investors will track stock target prices, especially when analysts update the target price projections.

Investors have various approaches they can take when deciding what stocks to stuff the portfolio with. Some investors may choose to use fundamental analysis, and some may choose to use technical analysis. Others may employ a combination of the two approaches to make sure no stone is left unturned. Investors looking for bargains in the market may be on the lookout for the stock that offers the best value. This may involve finding stocks that have fallen out of favor with the overall investing community but still have low PE ratios and higher dividend yields. Whatever approach is used, investors may benefit greatly from making sure that all the homework is done, and all of the angles have been examined properly.

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Analyst Views in Focus on Shares of CRISPR Therapeutics AG (:CRSP) - Blackwell Bulletin

According to Persistence Market Researchs new report, globalmale hypogonadism marketis slated to exhibit a steady expansion throughout the forecast period (2017-2026). Revenues from the global market for male hypogonadism are estimated to exceed US$ 3,300 Mn by 2026-end.

Governments Taking Initiatives to Spread Awareness about Male Hypogonadism Therapeutics

Lack of sex hormones, usually referred to as male hypogonadism has resulted into many health risks that include osteoporosis, heart disease, and cardiovascular diseases on the back of thinning of bones. Global male hypogonadism market comprises several patented brands that currently have high market penetration. Proliferation in geriatric population in tandem with rising incidences related to rheumatoid arthritis and obesity have been primary factors affecting prevalence of male hypogonadism globally. Mounting incidences of testosterone deficiency in male population is a key factor that prevalence of male hypogonadism has surged worldwide. Several governments around the world have been taking initiatives to spread the awareness on hypogonadism treatment procedures, for example testosterone replacement therapy (TST), in order to relieve the painful burden on patients and their families.

As low testosterone levels are increasingly associated with exacerbation of chronic conditions, it further results into disorders apropos to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Advent of TST has however enabled reduction in cases of male hypogonadism considerably. With growing awareness related to its treatment among patients, the market is likely to gain an uptick during the forecast period. Rising availability of the selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) has further sustained the market expansion. The development and high availability of SARMs has led toward the provision of improved treatment procedure to patients having androgen deficiencies, thereby influencing the market growth.

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North America will continue to Dominate Global Male Hypogonadism Market

North America will continue to dominate the global male hypogonadism market, with more than one-third revenue share during the forecast period. In addition, revenues from the male hypogonadism market in North America will exhibit the fastest expansion through 2026, as compared to those from all the other regional segments comprised in the report. Europe and Asia-Pacific excluding Japan (APEJ) are also expected to remain lucrative for the male hypogonadism market. The market in APEJ will ride on a slightly higher CAGR than that in Europe through 2026.

Topical gels are expected to remain the most lucrative among drugs available for treatment of male hypogonadism globally, with sales projected to register the fastest expansion through 2026. Injectables will also remain a major revenue contributor to the market. Sales of injectable and transdermal patches are poised to reflect an equal CAGR through 2026.

Testosterone Replacement Therapy to Remain Preferred among Patients

Based on therapy, testosterone replacement therapy is expected to remain preferred among patients with male hypogonadism worldwide. Roughly 66% revenue share of the market is expected to be held by revenues from testosterone replacement therapy by 2026-end. Revenues from gonadotropin replacement therapy will remain slightly more than half revenues gained from testosterone replacement therapy throughout the forecast period.

Klinefelters syndrome is expected to remain the most prevalent disease type observed in the male hypogonadism market, and revenues from treatment of this disease will exceed US$ 1,800 Mn by 2026-end. Kallmann Syndrome and Pituitary Adenomas among disease types will also account for major revenue shares of the market by 2026-end.

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Nature of global male hypogonadism market has been observed to be highly competitive. This can be mainly attributed to occupancy of many small as well as large suppliers. New companies entering the male hypogonadism market are leveraging opportunities related to treatment developments and innovations. Strategic alliances are likely to remain strong among vendors for producing and marketing drugs worldwide, thereby increasing their market reach. Active market players listed by PMRs report include Astrazeneca Plc., Merck & Co. Inc., Laboratories Genevrier, Bayer AG, Endo International Plc., Allergan Plc., Ferring, Finox Biotech, AbbVie Inc., Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., and IBSA Institut Biochimque.

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Male Hypogonadism Market estimated to exceed US$ 3300 Mn by 2026-end - Wolf Mirror

The prime objective of Global Male Hypogonadism Market 2019-2023 report is to help the user understand the market in terms of its definition, segmentation, market potential, influential trends, and the challenges that the market is facing.

Deep researches and analysis were done during the preparation of the Male Hypogonadism market report. The readers will find this report very helpful in understanding the market in depth. The data and the information regarding the market are taken from reliable sources such as websites, annual reports of the companies, journals, and others and were checked and validated by the industry experts. The facts and data are represented in the report using diagrams, graphs, pie charts, and other pictorial representations. This enhances the visual representation and also helps in understanding the facts much better.

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Lack of sex hormones, generally referred to male hypogonadism, results into several health risks such as osteoporosis and heart disease, owing to thinning of bones. The global market for male hypogonadism comprises several patented brands with high market penetration. Growth in geriatric population along with rising incidences of rheumatoid arthritis and obesity are primary factors influencing prevalence of male hypogonadism.

By Market Players:Endo International Plc, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., AbbVie, Inc., Pfizer, Inc., Merck KGaA, Allergan Plc, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, Ferring B.V.

By TherapyTestosterone Replacement Therapy, Gonadotropin Replacement Therapy ,

By Drug TypeTopical Gels, Injectables, Transdermal Patches, Others ,

By Disease TypeKlinefelters Syndrome, Pituitary Adenomas, Kallmann Syndrome, Other Types

The points that are discussed within the report are the major market players that are involved in the market such as manufacturers, raw material suppliers, equipment suppliers, end users, traders, distributors and etc.

The complete profile of the companies is mentioned. And the capacity, production, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption, growth rate, import, export, supply, future strategies, and the technological developments that they are making are also included within the report. The historical data from 2012 to 2017 and forecast data from 2018 to 2023.

The growth factors of the market are discussed in detail wherein the different end users of the market are explained in detail. Data and information by manufacturer, by region, by type, by application and etc, and custom research can be added according to specific requirements.

The report contains the SWOT analysis of the market. Finally, the report contains the conclusion part where the opinions of the industrial experts are included.

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Key pointers of the Table of Contents:

Chapter 1 Industry OverviewChapter 2 Production Market AnalysisChapter 3 Sales Market AnalysisChapter 4 Consumption Market AnalysisChapter 5 Production, Sales and Consumption Market Comparison AnalysisChapter 6 Major Manufacturers Production and Sales Market Comparison AnalysisChapter 7 Major Material AnalysisChapter 8 Major Type AnalysisChapter 9 Industry Chain AnalysisChapter 10 Global and Regional Market ForecastChapter 11 Major Manufacturers AnalysisChapter 12 New Project Investment Feasibility AnalysisChapter 13 ConclusionsChapter 14 Appendix

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Global Male Hypogonadism market 2019 Expected to Grow faster according to new research report - Commerce Gazette

Global Male Hypogonadism Market: Snapshot

Hypogonadism in males refers to a condition in the male body where the testes show a significantly reduced level of functioning than normal. The overall result of male hypogonadism is a reduction in the rate of biosynthesis of male sex hormones. This state is more commonly known as interrupted stage 1 puberty. Hypoandrogenism, or the low androgen or testosterone level in a male can vary in severity from person to person. It is often the cause of partial or complete infertility. There are multiple forms of male hypogonadism and even more ways to classify them. Most endocrinologists commonly classify male hypogonadism on the basis of the level of defectiveness of the male reproductive system.

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In many cases, doctors also measure the level of gonadotropins to classify a patient between primary and secondary male hypogonadism. Primary male hypogonadism refers to the cause of the condition being due to defective gonads. There are different types of primary male hypogonadism, including Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. Secondary male hypogonadism is caused by defects in pituitary or hypothalamic glands. They include Kallmann syndrome and hypopituitarism.

Global Male Hypogonadism Market: Overview

Male Hypogonadism refers to a clinical condition, wherein the testes fail to produce enough testosterone leading to delayed puberty or incomplete development. The condition is related to impaired development of muscle mass, development of breast tissues, impaired body hair growth, and lack of deepening of the voice.

The male Hypogonadism market can be segmented by therapy, type, drug delivery, and geography.

The report presents an in-depth analysis of the global male hypogonadism market with current trends and future estimates to explain the imminent investment pockets. The quantitative analysis of the market for the forecast period from 2017 to 2025 will enable stakeholders to capitalize on the prevailing growth opportunities.

Global Male Hypogonadism Market: Trends and Opportunities

The top driver of the male hypogonadism market includes rising prevalence of testosterone deficiency among men, increasing infertility rates, and increasing awareness among individuals about hypogonadism treatment due to awareness drives organized by several governments across the world. Moreover, high risk of hypogonadism among the geriatric population with obesity and diabetes, and increasing prevalence of chronic disorders among the geriatrics are further expected to boost the markets growth.

However, factors such as high side effects of testosterone products are challenging the growth of testosterone replacement therapy market. Top players in the market are focused on research and development to introduce newer products with fewer or negligible side effects and improved results. For example, LPCN 1111, a product which is under development from Lipocine Inc., is a newer testosterone prodrug that utilizes Lipral technology for enhanced systemic absorption and for enhanced solubility of testosterone. Nevertheless, technological advancements are anticipated to extend new opportunities to the markets growth.

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Global Male Hypogonadism Market: Regional Overview

The global male Hypogonadism market can be analyzed with respect to the regional segments of North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa. North America held the majority share of the global market in the recent past and is expected to retain its dominant position in the near future. This is mainly due to the rise in the number of individuals suffering from primary and secondary conditions of hypogonadism, and rising awareness among individuals about treatment options for the condition. Moreover, the presence of ultra-modern healthcare infrastructure and increasing popularity of technologically advanced products are expected to offer new opportunities for top players in this market. The region is closely followed by Europe.

Asia Pacific is expected to offer lucrative opportunities to this market due to the modernization of the healthcare infrastructure in the emerging economies of India and China and the increasing awareness about the treatment for the condition. In Asia Pacific, the increasing prevalence of hypogonadism and infertility rates along with the rising geriatric population base with diabetes and obesity are propelling the growth of this market. China, Taiwan, and Malaysia are some of the countries that display the highest rate of male hypogonadism.

Major Companies Mentioned in Report

Some of the key players in the male Hypogonadism market include AbbVie Inc., Astrazeneca plc, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Merck & Co. Inc., SA, Finox Biotech, Laboratories Genevrier, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Allergan plc, Bayer AG, Endo International plc, IBSA Institut Biochimque, and Ferring.

Key players are focused on product approval for growth considerations and to cater to the changing demand of the industry. The introduction of innovative and technologically advanced products is also the focus of key players to increase their market share and for serving patients in a better manner.

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Male Hypogonadism Market Size(Value and Volume) by 2025 - ScoopJunction

Murfreesboro Medical Clinic & SurgiCenter is committed to meeting the needs of Rutherford County's growing community. In addition to adding two new locations in 2019, MMC will be adding five new doctors to its team of physicians.The physicians joining MMC this fall are: Christopher Albergo, M.D. (Endocrinology), Lauren Blackwell, D.O. (Pediatrics), C. Brad Bledsoe, M.D. (Dermatology), Britni Caplin, M.D. (ENT), and Brittany Cook, M.D. (Ophthalmology)."With a national shortage of physicians, it is becoming more and more challenging to find quality physicians to meet the growing healthcare needs of our community," noted Joey Peay, MMC's Chief Executive Officer. "For MMC to find five quality physicians to join us in 2019 in addition to the nine that began practicing at MMC in 2018 is truly remarkable! Each of them will be a valuable member of our medical team and a wonderful member of the Murfreesboro community."Christopher Albergo, M.D. is a board-certified Endocrinologist skilled in general endocrinology, including Hypothyroid, Parathyroid, Thyroid Cancer, Graves' Disease, Pituitary disorders, Adrenal disorders, Hypogonadism , PCOS, Obesity, Diabetes and Osteoporosis. Lauren Blackwell, D.O. is a board-certified Pediatrician skilled in general pediatrics, acute and chronic conditions, as well as routine check-ups and sports physicals for children birth through 18 years of age. Her special interests include ADHD and newborn care. She is also an advocate for breast feeding and enjoys working with moms and newborns to promote successful breast feeding.C. Brad Bledsoe, M.D. is a board-certified Dermatologist skilled in general and surgical dermatology, skin cancer detection, treatment and prevention, precancerous skin lesions (actinic keratoses) and sun damaged skin, acne, rosacea, psoriasis, eczema, dry skin, and other rashes, warts and other viral, bacterial and fungal skin infections, cysts, lipomas, and other nodules, laser procedures, teledermatology and medical technology. Britni Caplin, M.D. is a board-certified Otolaryngologist skilled in adult and pediatric Otolaryngology, Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, Otology, Nasal and Sinus Surgery including Balloon Sinuplasty and other In-Office Procedures, and Head and Neck Surgery.

Brittany N. Cook, M.D. is a board-certified Ophthalmologist skilled in Cataract surgery including Refractive Cataract surgery, Toric and Multifocal lens implants, Dry eyes, Blepharitis and Ocular Surface Disease, Refractive surgery including LASIK and PRK, Ocular surface growths including Pterygia, Macular degeneration, Diabetic retinopathy, and Glaucoma.

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Murfreesboro Medical Clinic & SurgiCenter is proud to announce the addition of five new physicians to its practice in 2019 - Wgnsradio

Male hypogonadism is a condition in males wherein the testes depict a significantly reduced functioning level than normal. Reduction in rate of biosynthesis of the male sex hormones consequently results into male hypogonadism, which can vary in terms of severity among individuals. Partial or complete infertility are among major end-results entailing male hypogonadism, which in turn have created the need for effective treatment. XploreMR has published a new comprehensive research report titled, Male Hypogonadism Market: Global Industry Analysis (2012-2016) and Forecast (2017-2026). The report covers present market scenario as well as imparts future growth prospects of the male hypogonadism market for the period between 2017 and 2026. The report also engulfs key drivers, hindrances, opportunities and trends that are affecting expansion of the global male hypogonadism market. The report offers an overall picture of the global male hypogonadism market, in order to help businesses seeking opportunities for making investments in the market.

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Structure of the Report

The report provides an exhaustive synopsis of the global male hypogonadism market, engulfing an executive summary that elucidates the core trends influencing the market expansion. This chapter also sheds light on impacts that the dynamics are likely to pose on growth of the market in the long run. The report also imparts figures appertaining to CAGRs from a historical and forecast point of view. An overview of the global male hypogonadism market follows the executive summary, and issues a clear picture of the markets scope to the report readers. The overview includes a concise market introduction succeeded by a formal definition of male hypogonadism. Chapters subsequent to the overview elaborates several dynamics including driving factors, limitations and prospects being observed in the market through the forecast period. Meanwhile these chapter also inundate detailed insights related to the bottom line of enterprises, global economy and fiscal stimulus.

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Competition Landscape

This analytical research report on the global male hypogonadism market is a complete package, which includes intelligence on key participants underpinning the market expansion. In the last chapter of the report, which elucidates the competitive scenario of the market, strategies implemented by the market players, along with their product overview, company overview, key financials, key developments and SWOT analysis has been rendered exhaustively. In addition, region-wide spread of these market players, their future expansion plans, market shares, revenues, and mergers & acquisition activities between them have been described in detail in this concluding chapter of the report. An intensity map has been employed in the report to profile the market players situated across geographies.

Research Methodology

Credibility of the researched statistics and data is backed by the unique research methodology employed by the analysts at XMR, which ensures higher accuracy. XMRs research report on the global male hypogonadism market can assist its readers in gaining detailed insights on many different aspects governing the market around key regional segments included in the report. The report readers can further slate key strategies for tapping into vital revenue pockets and gaining benefits over the intensifying competition in the market. Information presented in the report has been scrutinized and monitored thoroughly by XMRs industry experts. Figures and numbers offered in the report have also been validated by the analysts in order to facilitate strategic decision making for the report readers.

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Male Hypogonadism Market To Increase at Steady Growth Rate - Herald Space

The global market for testosterone replacement therapy is characterized by the presence of a large number of small and large scale manufacturers. All of the manufacturers have been steadfast in filling the meagre market gap in order to enhance their prospects of growth. Furthermore, research and development has been the central characteristic of al the market players operating in the global market. In 2015, it was found that 80% of the total market share was held by the top five market vendors with AbbVie Inc. taking the lead.

The large scale vendors are focusing on establishing an iconic brand for their product by resorting to rigorous marketing and advertising tactics. The smaller companies are expected to concentrate on capturing the local and regional markets to sustain themselves in the current scenario of stiff competition. A negative implication for the leading market players in recent times has been the loss of patents for their products. This has not only plundered them of revenues but has also affected the workflow of these companies.

The market players are expected to launch awareness campaigns about testosterone replacement therapies in order to educate and inform the consumers. Hence, the market for testosterone replacement therapies is expected to witness the emergence of several new trends and opportunities over the forthcoming years. Some of the key players in the global testosterone replacement therapy market include Bayer AG, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novartis AG, and Allergen plc.

The CAGR for theglobal testosterone replacement therapy marketis estimated to be -4.20% over the period between 2016 and 2024. The negative growth rate of the global market is expected to take the market value from US2.0 bn in 2015 to a decreased value of US$1.3 bn by 2024-end.

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High Incidence of Hypogonadism to Drive Market Demand

Research studies suggest that around 30% of all men suffer from testosterone deficiency, which has driven demand within the global market for testosterone replacement therapy. Furthermore, the population demographic of men in the age range of 40-79 years is more likely to suffer from testosterone deficiency. The need for mutation or having an offspring amongst men in the aforementioned age range has driven demand within the global market.

Moreover, the geriatric population has been on a rise, which underhandedly contributes to market growth. Several campaigns aimed at educating people about the benefits of testosterone replacement therapy have been an important propeller of demand within the global market. It is anticipated that more people suffering from testosterone deficiency would resort to these therapies over the coming years.

Side Effects of Testosterone Replacement Therapy Could Obstruct Market Growth

Despite the rising awareness amongst the masses about the advantages of testosterone replacement therapies, the market growth is hindered by the apprehension of the people. The chances of developing metabolic disorders are higher in men who undergo testosterone replacement therapies. Furthermore, the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases also discourages people from resorting to testosterone replacement therapies. The FDA has also cautioned people about the use of such therapies by issuing strict warnings, which has further obstructed the growth of the global market.

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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market : Analysis and Opportunity Assessment 2016-2024 - OnYourDesks

Russia Cryonics TechnologyMarket report explains the basic aspects of the industry and market statistics. The recent advances in technology, business plans, policies, possibilities for development and risks to the sector are being developed. The reports two major sections are defined, namely market revenue in (USD Million) and market size. The report examines the Russia Cryonics Technology market considering the export and import numbers along with the current industry chain. The Russia Cryonics Technology market report delivers an unbiased and extensive analysis of the on-going trends, opportunities/ high growth areas, drivers, which would help stakeholders to device and align Business strategies according to the current and future market dynamics. The Russia Cryonics Technology Market Report offers energetic visions to conclude and study the market size, market hopes, an competitive backgrounds. As per the world economic growth rate of the past four years, market size is estimated from xxx million $ in 2015 to xxx million $ in 2018. The Russia Cryonics Technology Market is expected to exceed more than US$ xxx million by 2023 at a CAGR of xx% in the given forecast period.

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Reason to purchase: 1) Global Russia Cryonics Technology Market Outline, Market Size Estimates, Industry Scope, and Division.2) Competitive analysis is specified for eminent Russia Cryonics Technology players, price structures and value of production.3) Focuses on the key Russia Cryonics Technology manufacturers, to study the capacity, production, value, market share and development plans in future.4) Global Russia Cryonics Technology Market Drivers, Opportunities, Emerging Sectors, and Recent Plans and Policies are shown.5) The current status of the global Russia Cryonics Technology Market, current market & the two regional and region level.6) To analyze the opportunities in the market for stakeholders by identifying the high growth segments.

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Russia Cryonics Technology Market Insights Report 2019 2025 : Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Biocision, Cellulis - ScoopJunction

BERKELEY, Calif., Sept. 24, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Today, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) granted a new CRISPR-Cas9 patent to the University of California (UC), University of Vienna, and Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier, bringing new compositions and methods to the continuously expanding patent portfolio. U.S. Patent 10,421,980 covers compositions of certain DNA-targeting RNAs that contain RNA duplexes of defined lengths that hybridize with Cas9 and target a desired DNA sequence.

The patent also covers methods of targeting and binding a target DNA, modifying a target DNA, or modulating transcription from a target DNA wherein the method comprises contacting a target DNA with a complex that includes a Cas9 protein and a DNA-targeting RNA.

In September, several patents have been issued to UC, increasing its U.S. CRISPR-Cas9 portfolio to 15 patents. In the coming months, based on applications allowed by the USPTO, UC's portfolio will total 18 patents, covering compositions and methods for the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology, including targeting and editing genes and modulating transcription in any setting, such as within plant, animal, and human cells.

"With every patent that issues, UC strengthens its position as the leader in CRISPR-Cas9 intellectual property in the United States," said Eldora L. Ellison, Ph.D., lead patent strategist on CRISPR-Cas9 matters for UC and a Director at Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox. "We are steadfast in our commitment to developing a comprehensive patent portfolio that protects the groundbreaking work of the Doudna-Charpentier team on CRISPR-Cas9."

The Doudna-Charpentier team that invented the CRISPR-Cas9 DNA-targeting technology included Jennifer Doudna and Martin Jinek at the University of California, Berkeley; Emmanuelle Charpentier (then of Umea University); and Krzysztof Chylinski at the University of Vienna. The compositions and methods covered by today's patent, as well as the other compositions and methods claimed in UC's previously issued patents and those set to issue, were included among the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology work disclosed first by the Doudna-Charpentier team in its May 25, 2012 priority patent application.

Additional CRISPR-Cas9 patents in this team's portfolio include 10,000,772; 10,113,167; 10,227,611; 10,266,850; 10,301,651; 10,308,961; 10,337,029; 10,351,878; 10,358,658; 10,358,659; 10,385,360; 10,400,253; 10,407,697; and 10,415,061. These patents are not a part of the PTAB's recently declared interference between 14 UC patent applications and multiple previously issued Broad Institute patents and one application, which jeopardizes essentially all of the Broad's CRISPR patents involving eukaryotic cells.

International patent offices have also recognized the pioneering innovations of the Doudna-Charpentier team, in addition to the 15 patents granted in the U.S. so far. The European Patent Office (representing more than 30 countries), as well as patent offices in the United Kingdom, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, and other countries, have issued patents for the use of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in all types of cells.

University of California has a long-standing commitment to develop and apply its patented technologies, including CRISPR-Cas9, for the betterment of humankind. Consistent with its open-licensing policies, UC allows nonprofit institutions, including academic institutions, to use the technology for non-commercial educational and research purposes.

In the case of CRISPR-Cas9, UC has also encouraged widespread commercialization of the technology through its exclusive license with Caribou Biosciences, Inc. of Berkeley, California. Caribou has sublicensed this patent family to numerous companies worldwide, including Intellia Therapeutics, Inc. for certain human therapeutic applications. Additionally, Dr. Charpentier has licensed the technology to CRISPR Therapeutics AG and ERS Genomics Limited.

View original content:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/uspto-awards-15th-us-crispr-cas9-patent-to-university-of-california-300923678.html

SOURCE University of California Office of the President

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USPTO awards 15th U.S. CRISPR-Cas9 patent to University of California - P&T Community

Integration of CRISPR-case9 technology to accelerate the discovery of innovative antibiotics

DEINOVE (Euronext Growth Paris: ALDEI), a French biotechnology company that relies on a radical innovation approach to develop innovative antibiotics and bio-sourced active ingredients for cosmetics and nutrition, announces that it has expanded its technological platform with an advanced genetic tool, the CRISPR-cas9 system, to enhance its ability to optimize various microorganisms.

In the last few years, DEINOVE has set up a high throughput genetic engineering platform specifically dedicated to rare microorganisms and thus demonstrated its ability to adapt genetic tools to poorly described organisms. Thus, the exploitation of Deinococci as microbial plants has allowed the large-scale production of pure high value-added compounds such as carotenoids. It should be recalled that Deinococci are extremophilic microorganisms whose biological and molecular specificities have so far been little studied and therefore unexploited.

After developing a platform dedicated to the identification of novel antibiotic structures produced by rare bacteria (AGIR Program), DEINOVE strengthens its expertise in genetic engineering with the integration of a cutting-edge tool, the CRISPR-cas9 technology, known as molecular scissors, which has revolutionized genetic engineering in recent years.

The objective for DEINOVE is to be able to directly manipulate the strains producing antimicrobial activities or to transfer these activities into phylogenetically close frames. This has been successfully achieved by the Company which has made the Streptomyces chassis an effective producer of a pharmaceutical intermediate initially produced by Microbacterium arobescens (proof of concept DNB101/102).

Genome editing occurs at two levels. First, highlights the cluster of genes at the origin of the antibiotic activity of interest. To optimize the spectrum of activity and eliminate any potential cytotoxicity, the structure of a natural molecule can then be modified by directly, finely and precisely editing the genes responsible for this activity.

This technology opens up many opportunities in the identification and optimized production of new antibiotic structures.

"Our expertise in the genetic engineering of a variety of microorganisms, unusual for some, is unique, and the integration of CRISPR-cas9 extends the possibilities of our platform," says Georges GAUDRIAULT, Scientific Director of DEINOVE. "We continue to structure the various technological bricks of the AGIR platform to be able to drastically accelerate the identification and optimization of new antibiotic structures. This technology is an additional asset in our race against the clock in the face of rising antimicrobial resistance."

ABOUT DEINOVE

DEINOVE is a French biotechnology company, a leader in disruptive innovation, which aims to help meet the challenges of antibiotic resistance and the transition to a sustainable production model for the cosmetics and nutrition industries.

DEINOVE has developed a unique and comprehensive expertise in the field of rare bacteria that it can decipher, culture, and optimize to disclose unsuspected possibilities and induce them to produce biobased molecules with activities of interest on an industrial scale. To do so, DEINOVE has been building and documenting since its creation an unparalleled biodiversity bank that it exploits thanks to a unique technological platform in Europe.

DEINOVE is organized around two areas of expertise:

Within the Euromedecine science park located in Montpellier, DEINOVE employs 60 employees, mainly researchers, engineers, and technicians, and has filed more than 350 patent applications internationally. The Company has been listed on EURONEXT GROWTH since April 2010.

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Integration of CRISPR-case9 technology to accelerate the discovery of innovative antibiotics - Yahoo Finance

MONTPELLIER, France--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Regulatory News:

DEINOVE (Paris:ALDEI) (Euronext Growth Paris: ALDEI), a French biotechnology company that relies on a radical innovation approach to develop innovative antibiotics and bio-sourced active ingredients for cosmetics and nutrition, announces that it has expanded its technological platform with an advanced genetic tool, the CRISPR-cas9 system, to enhance its ability to optimize various microorganisms.

In the last few years, DEINOVE has set up a high throughput genetic engineering platform specifically dedicated to rare microorganisms and thus demonstrated its ability to adapt genetic tools to poorly described organisms. Thus, the exploitation of Deinococci as microbial plants has allowed the large-scale production of pure high value-added compounds such as carotenoids. It should be recalled that Deinococci are extremophilic microorganisms whose biological and molecular specificities have so far been little studied and therefore unexploited.

After developing a platform dedicated to the identification of novel antibiotic structures produced by rare bacteria (AGIR Program), DEINOVE strengthens its expertise in genetic engineering with the integration of a cutting-edge tool, the CRISPR-cas9 technology, known as molecular scissors, which has revolutionized genetic engineering in recent years.

The objective for DEINOVE is to be able to directly manipulate the strains producing antimicrobial activities or to transfer these activities into phylogenetically close frames. This has been successfully achieved by the Company which has made the Streptomyces chassis an effective producer of a pharmaceutical intermediate initially produced by Microbacterium arobescens (proof of concept DNB101/102).

Genome editing occurs at two levels. First, highlights the cluster of genes at the origin of the antibiotic activity of interest. To optimize the spectrum of activity and eliminate any potential cytotoxicity, the structure of a natural molecule can then be modified by directly, finely and precisely editing the genes responsible for this activity.

This technology opens up many opportunities in the identification and optimized production of new antibiotic structures.

"Our expertise in the genetic engineering of a variety of microorganisms, unusual for some, is unique, and the integration of CRISPR-cas9 extends the possibilities of our platform," says Georges GAUDRIAULT, Scientific Director of DEINOVE. "We continue to structure the various technological bricks of the AGIR platform to be able to drastically accelerate the identification and optimization of new antibiotic structures. This technology is an additional asset in our race against the clock in the face of rising antimicrobial resistance."

ABOUT DEINOVE

DEINOVE is a French biotechnology company, a leader in disruptive innovation, which aims to help meet the challenges of antibiotic resistance and the transition to a sustainable production model for the cosmetics and nutrition industries.

DEINOVE has developed a unique and comprehensive expertise in the field of rare bacteria that it can decipher, culture, and optimize to disclose unsuspected possibilities and induce them to produce biobased molecules with activities of interest on an industrial scale. To do so, DEINOVE has been building and documenting since its creation an unparalleled biodiversity bank that it exploits thanks to a unique technological platform in Europe.

DEINOVE is organized around two areas of expertise:

Within the Euromedecine science park located in Montpellier, DEINOVE employs 60 employees, mainly researchers, engineers, and technicians, and has filed more than 350 patent applications internationally. The Company has been listed on EURONEXT GROWTH since April 2010.

Visit http://www.deinove.com

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DEINOVE: Integration of CRISPR-case9 Technology to Accelerate the Discovery of Innovative Antibiotics - Business Wire

A study has shown that CRISPR can be used as a regenerative technique to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which could be developed as a therapeutic option for humans.

Researchers have successfully demonstrated in a mouse model that CRISPR can regenerate muscle suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). They believe that with more study, their method may be used to treat children with the condition.

The study was led by the University of Missouri School of Medicine, US in collaboration with other researchers. Previous research has shown that children with DMD have a gene mutation that interrupts the production of a protein known as dystrophin.

If we can correct the mutation in muscle stem cells, then cells regenerated from edited stem cells will no longer carry the mutation. A one-time treatment of the muscle stem cells with CRISPR could result in continuous dystrophin expression in regenerated muscle cells, said Dr Dongsheng Duan, Margaret Proctor Mulligan Professor in Medical Research in the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology at the MU School of Medicine and the senior author of the study.

The researchers first delivered the gene editing tools to immune-deficient mouse muscle through a viral vector known as AAV9. They observed that the transplanted muscle died first, then regenerated from its stem cells, which carried the edited gene.

Previous research has shown that children with DMD have a gene mutation that interrupts the production of a protein known as dystrophin

Next, they tested their method in a mouse model of DMD. The stem cells in the diseased muscle were edited and produced dystrophin.

This finding suggests that CRISPR gene editing may provide a method for lifelong correction of the genetic mutation in DMD and potentially other muscle diseases, Duan said. Our research shows that CRISPR can be used to effectively edit the stem cells responsible for muscle regeneration. The ability to treat the stem cells that are responsible for maintaining muscle growth may pave the way for a one-time treatment that can provide a source of gene-edited cells throughout a patients life.

The results were published in Molecular Therapy.

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CRISPR used to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy in mice - Drug Target Review

The hubris of some scientists knows no bounds. Less than a year after He Jiankui, a Chinese biophysicist, drew scorn and censure for creating gene-edited twins, Denis Rebrikov, a Russian molecular biologist, boldly announced his plan to follow in Hes genome editing footsteps. Rebrikovs initial stated goal for his proposed research was to prevent the transmission of HIV from infected women to their offspring, though he later suggested other targets, including dwarfism, deafness, and blindness.

In 1998, Nobel laureate Mario Capecchi suggested that resistance to HIV infection was a genetic enhancement that might appeal to potential parents. Twenty years later, in November 2018, He revealed his use of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology to disable a gene called CCR5 in an attempt to create children with resistance to HIV.

Hes research activities were known to a number of senior American scientists, all of whom elected to remain silent about his work. It was only after the twins birth that the world learned of this secret science. Matthew Porteus, one of the scientists who was complicit in the silence, summarized his promise of confidentiality to He this way:

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Youre a scientist talking to a scientist. Our culture is that you respect confidentiality and that when people reveal things in confidence to you, you respect that confidence. And I said, well, Im not going to publicly discuss what you just told me because that is for you to publicly discuss.

A groundswell of condemnation followed Hes public announcement of the twins birth. There was pointed criticism from Feng Zhang, one of the co-discoverers of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology, and from David Baltimore, who co-chaired international summits of human genome editing in 2015 and 2018. Quoting from the first International Summit Statement, Zhang and Baltimore independently affirmed that the experiment was irresponsible given the lack of data confirming the safety and effectiveness of using CRISPR in humans, as well as the absence of broad societal consensus.

Members of the organizing committee for the 2018 International Summit on Human Genome Editing where He first presented some of the details of his research described the experiment as irresponsible and said it failed to meet international norms. The committee did not, however, reaffirm the position outlined in the 2015 Summit Statement that [i]t would be irresponsible to proceed with any clinical use of germline editing unless and until: (i) the relevant safety and efficacy issues have been resolved, based on an appropriate understanding and balancing of risks, potential benefits, and alternatives, and (ii) there is broad societal consensus about the appropriateness of the proposed application. Instead, the committee concluded that heritable genome editing could be acceptable in the future and suggested that it was time to define a rigorous responsible translational pathway toward such trials.

This shift in orientation is particularly noteworthy when considering the following. In 2015, a researcher performed genome editing on non-viable human embryos that did not involve the transfer of edited embryos to a woman for reproduction. The first summit organizing committee determined that heritable genome editing research was irresponsible unless and until In 2018, He performed genome editing on viable human embryos and transferred these edited embryos to a woman who gave birth to gene-edited children, yet the second summit organizing committee asserted the need for a responsible pathway forward.

Several authors of the 2015 Summit Statement, myself included, disagreed with the position taken by the authors of the 2018 Summit Statement. Along with others, including two of the three CRISPR pioneers Emmanuelle Charpentier and Feng Zhang we issued a call in March 2019 to adopt a moratorium on heritable genome editing. Jennifer Doudna, the other CRISPR pioneer, expressly declined to participate in this initiative.

We reiterated the importance of dialogue within and across nations, and the need for broad societal consensus on the appropriateness of altering the human genome for a particular purpose before any such research could proceed. The purpose of the proposed global moratorium was to provide time for careful study of the relevant technical and ethical issues to determine whether to pursue heritable human genome editing and, if that question were answered in the affirmative, to then determine how to proceed with making modifications to the human genome.

The whether of heritable human genome editing has not been resolved, and yet some scientists continue to race ahead with the how of it, essentially ignoring the myriad calls for public consultation. To be sure, other scientists are willing to heed the call, but would prefer to limit public consultation to public education.

I dont agree with this position. As I write in a new book, Altered Inheritance, we need to move the dial from public education (which typically is limited to talking at the public), to public engagement (which necessarily involves listening to the public), and then on to public empowerment (which is about shared decision-making).

To this end, we need slow science. Science needs time to think and to digest. Time is also needed to promote ethics literacy and to facilitate broad societal consensus where the goal is unity, not unanimity. Decision-making by consensus is about engaged, respectful dialogue and deliberation, where all participants recognize at the outset that knowledge is value laden; that we can and should learn from each other; and that no one should impose his or her will on others.

Metaphorically speaking, the human genome belongs to all of us. So we should all have a say in whether to proceed with making heritable changes to our shared genome. Decision-making by consensus, which begins with outreach and openness, is a means to this end. The goal is to create an environment in which all positions (not all persons) can be heard and understood, and in which there are reasonable opportunities for integrity-preserving compromises in pursuit of the common good. The underlying values are inclusivity, responsibility, self-discipline, respect, co-operation, struggle, and benevolence.

Scientists can meaningfully contribute to consensus building around genome editing. As individuals and as committee members, for example, they can effectively serve the common good by helping policymakers, legislators, and members of the public better align scientific information and opportunities with discrete values and interests.

I wrote Altered Inheritance as a call to action. It is a call for scientists to slow down, to reflect deeply on their science and their priorities, and to find meaningful ways to contribute to science policy in pursuit of the common good. It is also a call for all of us to take collective responsibility for the biological and social future of humankind as we think carefully about what kind of world we want to live in, and how genome editing technology might help us build that world.

Franoise Baylis is University Research Professor at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and author of Altered Inheritance: CRISPR and the Ethics of Human Genome Editing (Harvard University Press, September 2019).

Link:
Genome editing needs a dose of slow science - STAT

As a growing population and climate change threaten food security, researchers around the world are working to overcome the challenges that threaten the dietary needs of humans and livestock. A pair of scientists is now making the case that the knowledge and tools exist to facilitate the next agricultural revolution we so desperately need.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) Professor Zach Lippman, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, recently teamed up with Yuval Eshed, an expert in plant development at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, to sum up the current and future states of plant science and agriculture.

Their review, published in Science, cities examples from the last 50 years of biological research and highlights the major genetic mutations and modifications that have fueled past agricultural revolutions. Those include tuning a plants flowering signals to adjust yield, creating plants that can tolerate more fertilizer or different climates, and introducing hybrid seeds to enhance growth and resist disease.

Beneficial changes like these were first discovered by chance, but modern genomics has revealed that most of them are rooted in two core hormonal systems: Florigen, which controls flowering; and Gibberrellin, which influences stem height.

Lippman and Eshed suggest that in an age of fast and accurate gene editing, the next revolutions do not need to wait for chance discoveries. Instead, by introducing a wide variety of crops to changes in these core systems, the stage can be set to overcome any number of modern-day challenges.

Dwarfing and flower power revolutions

To explain their point, the scientists reviewed research that focused on key moments in agricultural history, such as the Green Revolution.

Before the 1960s, fertilizing for a large wheat yield would result in the plants growing too tall. Weighed down with their grainy bounty, the wheat stems would fold and rot away, resulting in yield losses. It was only after Nobel laureate Norman Borlaug began working with mutations that affect the Gibberellin system that wheat became the shorter and reliable crop we know today. Borlaugs dwarfing was also applied to rice, helping many fields weather storms that would have been catastrophic only years before. This reapplication of the same technique to a different plant hinted that a core system was in play.

More recent examples Lippman and Eshed mention include the changes undergone by cotton crops in China. There, growers turned the normally sprawling, southern plantation plant into a more compact, faster flowering bush better suited for Chinas northern climate. To do so, they took advantage of a mutation that affects Florigen, which promotes flowering, and its opposite, Antiflorigen.

This kind of change is related to Lippmans works. He often works with tomatoes and explained that an Antiflorigen mutation in tomato was also the catalyst that transformed the Mediterranean vine crop into the stout bushes grown in large-scale agricultural systems throughout the world today. Whats striking, Lippman said, is that cotton is quite unlike any tomato.

Theyre evolutionary very different in terms of the phylogeny of plants. And despite that, what makes a plant go from making leaves to making flowers is the same, he said. That core program is deeply conserved.

Fine-tuning a revolution

As the review details, this has defined what makes an agricultural revolution. A core system either Gibberellin, Florigen, or both is affected by a mutation, resulting in some helpful trait. In a moment of pure serendipity, the plants boasting this trait are then discovered by the right person.

It then takes many more years of painstaking breeding to tweak the intensity of that mutation until it affects the system just right for sustainable agriculture. Its like tuning an instrument to produce the perfect sound.

Lippman and Eshed note that CRISPR gene editing is speeding up that tuning process. However, they show that the best application of gene editing may not be to just tune preexisting revolutionary mutations, but instead, to identify or introduce new ones.

If past tuning has been creating genetic variation around those two core systems, maybe we can make more variety within those systems, he said. It would certainly mitigate the amount of effort required for doing that tuning, and has the potential for some surprises that could further boost crop productivity, or adapt crops faster to new conditions.

A future in chickpeas?

More of that genetic variety could also set the stage for new agricultural revolutions. By introducing genetic variation to those two core systems that define most revolutions, farmers might get to skip the serendipitous waiting game. Chickpea is one example.

Theres a lot more room for us to be able to create more genetic diversity that might increase productivity and improve adaptation survival in marginal grounds, like in drought conditions, Lippman said.

Drought resistance is just one benefit of under-utilized crops. Past revolutions have allowed crops to be more fruitful or to grow in entirely new hemispheres. Having a means to continue these revolutions with more crops and at a greater frequency would be a boon in a crowded, hungry, and urbanizing world.

Given that rare mutations of Florigen/Antiflorigen and Gibberellin/DELLA mutations spawned multiple revolutions in the past, it is highly likely that creating novel diversity in these two hormone systems will further unleash agricultural benefits, the scientists wrote.

Original article: The next agricultural revolution is here

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CRISPR gene editing poised to streamline next 'agricultural revolution,' plant scientists say - Genetic Literacy Project

Organic grower groups on Sept. 17 wrote they are strongly opposed to opening a formal dialogue about allowing gene-editing in organic agriculture.

A letter from the Organic Farmers Association (OFA), was signed by 79 organic farm organizations and sent to Secretary Sonny Perdue and other top officials and lawmakers.

Introducing any dialogue about any form of genetic engineering into organics would be a major distraction for the USDA NOP and the National Organic Standards Board, Kate Mendenhall, director of OFA, said in a press release. We have crucial issues in organic agriculture that need the Departments full attention, such as stopping organic import fraud, closing certification loopholes, enforcing our current organic standards equitably and uniformly, and updating obsolete database technology.

Gene editing and all other forms of genetic engineering are currently prohibited under the guidelines of organic certification. The letter came in response to an earlier statement by Department Undersecretary Greg Ibach concerning opening a dialogue about gene-editing in organic agriculture.

Read full, original article: Organic growers: Gene-editing dialogue a bad idea

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Organic Farmers Association rejects USDA offer to discuss benefits of CRISPR gene editing - Genetic Literacy Project

Geneticengineering. I realize that this topic has been beaten to death in popularculture, but I dont think the focus has been on the actual technologyreallyonly the flashy outcomes for lay people. I can understand the need to simplifyand sensationalize for entertainment, but decoupling the effects from the causeis, at best, ignorant and, at worst, misleading.

The reason that genetic engineering is populartoday is largely because of the discovery of CRISPR. But its important to notethat the field itself is not new; nearly all commercial forms of insulin arefrom genetically engineered bacteria.

Prior to Clustered Regularly InterspacedShort Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), technologies like Zinc Finger Nucleases(ZFNs) were somewhat random. While it was likely that the gene you wanted tomanipulate would be inserted into a specific location, it was unclear where inthe hosts DNA it would end up. Far more often than not, the gene would end upeither in the middle of another host gene (likely lethal) or end up in thejunkyard of the host genome, which is effectively useless. Both problemseffectively made genetic engineering on humans far too risky.

The introduction of CRISPR, however, hascompletely changed the field.

CRISPR works similarly to ZFNs, exceptthat it has a very specific targeting domain so that the genes almost alwaysend up in the location that you want them to. While there are still minor kinksto correct, the technique will likely be perfected within this decade. Whilethis technique is no doubt one of the finest inventions in the field ofbiology, even the person that discovered it, Dr. Jennifer Doudna, is callingfor the halting of research in the field until bioethics has a chance to catchup.

The terms designer babies and genedrive are very common buzzwords; however, they genuinely do present ethicalchallenges for us a species. For example, most people wouldnt have a problemusing CRISPR to eradicate debilitating genetic conditions or destroying theability of insect-carried diseases to infect people.

The problem arises when we begin toconsider what counts as pathology, there is an argument that variation fromsocietal, social or biological normality makes people unique. Surely somethinglike schizophrenia or leukemia is morally permissible to eradicate, but whatabout autism, homosexuality or intersexuality?Its a relatively short slippery slope before you end up at eugenics.

Another cause for concern is theecological impact of transgenics. Using the CRISPR based Gene Drive construct,you can force all offspring of a transgenic organism to carry your gene andtheir offspring, and then their offspring. This is ideal in a lab; however, ifa single individual is accidentally released into the environment, it could easilydamage genetic diversity, and permanently disturb the careful equilibrium of anecosystem.

There are instances in which not usingcheap, readily available technology like CRISPR to cure or prevent diseases maybe unethical. For example, the technology to destroy the means by which malariaspreads already exists. Is it really ethical to allow a disease that affectsover 200 million people a year (90% of whom are children) to exist? Are therelimits that we shouldnt cross? Until we have those discussions and draw thelines, research in genetic engineering is effectively playing with fire,analogous to research in nuclear fission during the Cold War.

Like a thermonuclear bomb, releasingCRISPR technology into the world, whether using it for humans or other animals,is not an action that we can reverse, and its results could be equallycatastrophic to life on earth.

These discussions arent entirelyhypothetical by the way; the first genetically modified human babies were bornin China last year.

To clarify, I am not against progress inCRISPR research. I am a huge fan of the technology and I believe it can be aninvaluable resource to improve the world. However, as a student in this field,I am concerned with the ramifications of this techology, enough that it givesme pause. The public discussion surrounding genetic engineering and legislationdesperately needs to catch up to the science.

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Genetic engineering and the end of the world - The Medium

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Global Gene Editing Tools Market 2019 Growth Analysis Thermofisher Scientific, CRISPR Therapeutics, Editas Medicine, NHGRI, Intellia Therapeutics -...