Archive for the ‘Cardiac Stem Cells’ Category
First cardiac bioimplants for the treatment of patients with myocardial infarction using umbilical cord stem cells – EurekAlert
image:
Surgery team ICREC-IGTP
Credit: IGTP
The promising results obtained in a clinical trial with a pioneering advanced therapy drug named PeriCord, which aims to repair the heart of patients who have suffered a heart attack, confirm the feasibility of new therapies based on the application of stem cells and tissue engineering to promote the regeneration of damaged tissues.
This new medicine, derived from umbilical cord and pericardium stem cells from tissue donors, is a world-first tissue engineering product (a type of advanced therapy combining cells and tissues optimised in the laboratory). The drug is applied in patients undergoing coronary bypass, utilising the procedure to repair the scar in the heart area affected by the infarction, which has lost the ability to beat when blood flow stopped.
Thefirst interventionof this new therapy was almost 4 years ago, resulting from a collaboration between the ICREC Group (Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration) at Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) and Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST). Following its success, a study was initiated to demonstrate its clinical safety. The study included 12 coronary bypass candidates, 7 treated with bioimplants and 5 without, to compare the outcomes.
Dr Antoni Bays, ICREC researcher and first author of the article:"This pioneering human clinical trial comes after many years of research in tissue engineering, representing a very innovative and hopeful treatment for patients with a heart scar resulting from a heart attack", referring to PeriCord.
While the current study aimed to demonstrate the safety of this new drug in the context of myocardial infarction, its positive outcomes have shown that PeriCord possesses other exceptional properties. It has proven to be a medicine with excellent biocompatibility, drastically minimising the risk of rejection and ensuring perfect tolerance by the body. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties, paving the way for broader applications in pathologies involving inflammation."Its potential could be much wider; we believe it can be a valuable tool for modulating inflammatory processes", explains Dr Sergi Querol, head of the Cellular and Advanced Therapies Service at BST.
Severe but stable patients
The patients included in the therapy are individuals who have suffered a heart attack and have reduced quality and life expectancy. The bypass ensures blood circulation in the area, and the bioimplant goes a step further to stimulate the scar, initiating cellular mechanisms involved in tissue repair.
"Voluntarily provided substances of human origin are used, both in terms of multi-tissue donor pericardial tissue and mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord donors at the birth of a baby", explains Querol. It is very gratifying to think that"thanks to this and the donors, we provide a new therapeutic tool that can improve a patient's quality of life", he adds.
PeriCord consists of a membrane that comes from the pericardium of a tissue donor, which BST has decellularised and lyophilised. It has then been recellularised with these umbilical cord stem cells.
Once in the operating theatre, surgeons attach the laboratory-generated bioimplant to the affected area of the patient's heart. After a year, the implanted tissue adheres and adapts perfectly to the structure of the heart, covering the scar left by the heart attack.
Randomized controlled/clinical trial
People
Implantation of a double allogeneic human engineered tissue graft on damaged heart: insights from the PERISCOPE phase I clinical trial
14-Mar-2024
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First cardiac bioimplants for the treatment of patients with myocardial infarction using umbilical cord stem cells - EurekAlert
Healing the Heart: The Role of Stem Cells in Cardiac Care – State Times
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Healing the Heart: The Role of Stem Cells in Cardiac Care - State Times
UMass Amherst Engineers Create Bioelectronic Mesh Capable of Growing with Cardiac Tissues for Comprehensive … – Diagnostic and Interventional…
March 25, 2024 A team of engineers led by the University of Massachusetts Amherst and including colleagues from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) recently announced in the journalNature Communicationsthat they had successfully built a tissue-like bioelectronic mesh system integrated with an array of atom-thin graphene sensors that can simultaneously measure both the electrical signal and the physical movement of cells in lab-grown human cardiac tissue. In a research first, this tissue-like mesh can grow along with the cardiac cells, allowing researchers to observe how the hearts mechanical and electrical functions change during the developmental process. The new device is a boon for those studying cardiac disease as well as those studying the potentially toxic side-effects of many common drug therapies.
Cardiac disease is the leading cause of human morbidity and mortality across the world. The heart is also very sensitive to therapeutic drugs, and the pharmaceutical industry spends millions of dollars in testing to make sure that its products are safe. However, ways to effectively monitor living cardiac tissue are extremely limited.
In part, this is because it is very risky to implant sensors in a living heart, but also because the heart is a complex kind of muscle with more than one thing that needs monitoring. Cardiac tissue is very special, saysJun Yao, associate professor of electrical and computer engineering in UMass Amhersts College of Engineering and the papers senior author. It has a mechanical activitythe contractions and relaxations that pump blood through our bodycoupled to an electrical signal that controls that activity.
But todays sensors can typically only measure one characteristic at a time, and a two-sensor device that could measure both charge and movement would be so bulky as to impede the cardiac tissues function. Until now, there was no single sensor capable of measuring the hearts dual properties without interfering with its functioning.
The new device is built of two critical components, explains lead author Hongyan Gao, who is pursuing his Ph.D. in electrical engineering at UMass Amherst. The first is a three-dimensional cardiac microtissue (CMT), grown in a lab from human stem cells under the guidance of co-author Yubing Sun, associate professor of mechanical and industrial engineering at UMass Amherst. CMT has become the preferred model for in vitro testing because it is the closest analog yet to a full-size, living human heart. However, because CMT is grown in a test tube, it has to mature, a process that takes time and can be easily disrupted by a clumsy sensor.
The second critical component involves graphenea pure-carbon substance only one atom thick. Graphene has a few surprising quirks to its nature that make it perfect for a cardiac sensor. Graphene is electrically conductive, and so it can sense the electrical charges shooting through cardiac tissue. It is also piezoresistive, which means that as it is stretchedsay, by the beating of a heartits electrical resistance increases. And because graphene is impossibly thin, it can register even the tiniest flutter of muscle contraction or relaxation and can do so without impeding the hearts function, all through the maturation process. Co-author Jing Kong, professor of electrical engineering at MIT, and her group supplied this critical graphene material.
Although there have already been many applications for graphene, it is wonderful to see that it can be used in this critical need, which takes advantage of graphenes different characteristics, says Kong.
Gao, Yao and their colleagues then embedded a series of graphene sensors in a soft, stretchable porous mesh scaffold they developed that has close structural and mechanical properties to human tissue and which can be applied non-invasively to cardiac tissue.
No one has ever done this before, says Gao. Graphene can survive in a biological environment without degrading for a very long time and not lose its conductivity, so we can monitor the CMT across its entire maturation process.
This is crucial for a number of reasons, adds Yao. Our sensor can give real-time feedback to scientists and drug researchers, and it can do so in a cost-effective way. We take pride in using the insights of electrical engineering to help build tools that can be useful to a wide range of researchers.
In the future, Gao says, he hopes to be able to adapt his sensor to grander scales, even to in vivo monitoring, which would provide the best-possible data to help solve cardiac disease.
This research was supported by the Army Research Office, the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Semiconductor Research Corporation, and the Link Foundation, as well as theInstitute for Applied Life Sciencesat UMass Amherst.
For more information:https://www.umass.edu/
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UMass Amherst Engineers Create Bioelectronic Mesh Capable of Growing with Cardiac Tissues for Comprehensive ... - Diagnostic and Interventional...
Stem Cells- Definition, Properties, Types, Uses, Challenges – Microbe Notes
Stem Cells Definition
Stem cells are unique cells present in the body that have the potential to differentiate into various cell types or divide indefinitely to produce other stem cells.
Figure: Stem Cell Renewal and Differentiation. Image Source: Maharaj Institute of Immune Regenerative Medicine.
All the stem cells found throughout all living systems have three important properties. These properties can be visualized in vitro by a process called clonogenic assays, where a single cell is assessed for its ability to differentiate.
The following are some properties of stem cells:
Figure: Techniques for generating embryonic stem cell cultures. Image Source: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Nico Heins et al.)
Depending on the source of the stem cells or where they are present, stem cells are divided into various types;
Figure: Human Embryonic Stem Cells Differentiation. Image created with biorender.com
Figure: Preliminary Evidence of Plasticity Among Nonhuman Adult Stem Cells. Image Source: NIH Stem Cell Information.
Figure: Progress in therapies based on iPSCs. Image Source: Nature Reviews Genetics (R. Grant Rowe & George Q. Daley).
Figure: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Image Source: PromoCell GmbH.
Some of the common and well-known examples of stem cell research are:
Stem cell research has been used in various areas because of their properties. Some of the common applications of stem cells research include;
Because of different ethical and other issues related to stem cell research, there are some limitations or challenges of stem cell research. Some of these are:
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Stem Cells- Definition, Properties, Types, Uses, Challenges - Microbe Notes
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell – an overview – ScienceDirect
13.2.1 Induced pluripotent stem cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells are differentiated cells that have been reprogrammed into an embryonic stem cell like state by the ectopic overexpression of four stem cell specific transcription factors, Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc, collectively referred to as OKSM. Induced pluripotent stem cells were first derived in a groundbreaking experiment by Yamanaka and Takashi in 2006 [77]. The team assessed the ability of 24 pluripotency associated candidate genes to covert primarily differentiated mouse tail tip fibroblasts into an embryonic stem cell state. Candidate genes were packaged into individual retroviruses and transduced into Fbx15geo/geo cells, which were grown in G418 containing media, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with conferred resistance to the neomycin gene. If the cells converted to an ESC like fate the embryonic stem cell specific locus Fbx15 containing a -galactosidase and neomycin fused reporter cassette would become activated, thereby inoculating the cells against neomycin. Transduction with all 24 factors proved to be successful in converting the fibroblasts into ESCs. Through the process of elimination, the team narrowed the list of factors down to just four factors needed to reprogram fibroblast cells to an ESC state [77]. Yamanaka and Takashi expanded their groundbreaking discovery to human cells a year later [78].
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells ignited the field with possibility. It was a new research tool that could be used to analyze development and cell specialization. Additionally, the possibility of deriving pluripotent stem cells was also a new therapeutic research tool that if harnessed and understood could be used for personalized cell therapy and disease modeling. Researchers quickly began differentiating iPSCs into different cell lineages.
Induced pluripotent stem cell derived-cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) were generated similarly to established methods for differentiating embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes [7981] (Fig.13.1C). The cells were first differentiated into embryoid bodies and then exposed to serum-containing medium, which fostered a propensity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. After 50 or more days in culture, cells derived under these conditions stained positive for sarcomeric myosin light and heavy chains, cardiac troponin T, and alpha-actinin. Additionally, the embryoid bodies demonstrated action potentials akin to atrial, ventricular, and nodal cells, and underwent rapid adaptive response to electrical stimulation and were cable of visible contractions. Despite well-established protocols the purity of cardiomyocytes derived using this technique are often times lower than 1% [8284]. However, the efficiency and purity of cardiomyocytes generated from embryoid body differentiation could be enhanced by following a step wise induction process similar to the naturally occurring cardiac differentiation process in the developing embryo [85].
To increase purity, and the usability for downstream applications monolayer culture methods were developed to facilitate a more controllable and reproducible environment to generate iPSC-CMs [86]. Monoculture conditions consist of growth on Matrigel-coated plates with mouse embryonic fibroblast conditioned media and gradual supplementation with activin A and BMP-4 growth factors. The combination of these conditions have been shown to yield greater than 50% beating iPSC-CMs [87,88]. A variation of this method, called the matrix sandwich method exists and boasts yields of up to 98% beating iPSC-CMs [89]. However, it should be noted that this method only works for some cell lines and requires growth factor batch optimizations to maintain high yields [90]. Alternatively, modifying Wnt/-catenin signaling using shRNA and small molecules has also been shown to increase iPSC-CM yield to approximately 85% [91,92].
The need for complex culture conditions to yield high iPSC-CM outputs makes identifying the biological underpinnings of iPSC-CM differentiation difficult to elucidate. One study claims to have reduced the complexity of iPSC-CM derivation to just three components, referred to as CDM3 [93]. When used in combination with lactate selection the study authors claim to achieve a yield of 80%90% troponin T positive iPSC-CMs [94]. The simplicity of the culture conditions used in this study allowed for the first time the identification of key signaling pathways implicated in iPSC-CM carcinogenesis.
The first and only case thus far of an autologous iPSC derived cell treatment making it to the clinic was reported in 2014. In a trial lead by Takahashi and colleagues, human iPSC derived retinal pigment epithelium cell sheets were transplanted into a human patient to resolve age related macular regeneration [95]. There have been no clinical trials testing iPSC-CM safety or efficacy in repairing the injured heart. However, iPSC-CMs derived using the previously mentioned matrix sandwich technique were transplanted in a non-human primate model, where they were shown to improve cardiac function after induced myocardial infraction. However, the transplanted iPSC-CMs also induced high rates of ventricular arrhythmia [96].
Despite the great hope for patient specific treatments, it is uncertain if autologous iPSC-CM treatments for myocardial infractions will make it to the clinic within the next few years. The production of patient-specific stem cells is expensive and variable. Specifically, iPSC-CM derivation efficiency still remains low and variable without the use of complex culture systems. Streamlining human iPSC cardiomyocyte differentiation to an effective simple differentiation process is key. Large numbers of iPSC-CM cells would be needed for human clinical trials, which would be impractical to accomplish using current culture systems and methods. Currently macaque trials require about 108109 reprogrammed iPSC-CM cells. The number of cells required for a human trial is projected to be a least a magnitude higher [5,97]. Additionally, like all iPSC derived cell therapies, and even embryonic stem cell therapies there is the concern that the transplanted stem cells could develop into tumor and/or cancer cells because of the possible carryover of few highly multi- or pluripotent cells in the transplanted pool [98]. Safety assessment is key before any iPSC-CM trial can make it to the clinical setting.
However, iPSC-CMs do have the potential to be somewhat useful for in vitro screening assays and drug development. iPSC-CMs have been used to improve the identification of false positive and negative data in electrophysiological assays [99]. They have also been shown to be responsive for research purposes to several cardiac and non-cardiac drugs, a prospect that might be of interest for drug screening purposes [100103]. Furthermore, disease-specific iPSC-CMs derived from people with pre-existing heart conditions have been shown to be more responsive to cardiotoxic drugs as measured by action potential duration and drug-induced arrhythmia, consistent with what would be expected naturally in the patient [104].
While iPSC-CMs might have some usefulness for drug screening, the results should be considered in light of the fact that iPSC-CMs are not equivalent to true CMs found in the adult heart. iPSC-CMs have lower conduction velocities and shorter action potential duration. They are altogether functionally immature, disorganized, fetal-like, and are not molecularly equivalent to true cardiomyocytes found in the adult heart [90,105107]. There is a need to understand cardiomyocyte maturation to facilitate regeneration and differentiation into cardiomyocytes capable of maintaining the functions of an adult heart.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell - an overview - ScienceDirect
‘Ghost heart’: Built from the scaffolding of a pig and the … – CNN
CNN
The first time molecular biologist Doris Taylor saw heart stem cells beat in unison in a petri dish, she was spellbound.
It actually changed my life, said Taylor, who directed regenerative medicine research at Texas Heart Institute in Houston until 2020. I said to myself, Oh my gosh, thats life. I wanted to figure out the how and why, and re-create that to save lives.
That goal has become reality. On Wednesday at the Life Itself conference, a health and wellness event presented in partnership with CNN, Taylor showed the audience the scaffolding of a pigs heart infused with human stem cells creating a viable, beating human heart the body will not reject. Why? Because its made from that persons own tissues.
Now we can truly imagine building a personalized human heart, taking heart transplants from an emergency procedure where youre so sick, to a planned procedure, Taylor told the audience.
That reduces your risk by eliminating the need for (antirejection) drugs, by using your own cells to build that heart it reduces the cost and you arent in the hospital as often so it improves your quality of life, she said.
Debuting on stage with her was BAB, a robot Taylor painstakingly taught to inject stem cells into the chambers of ghost hearts inside a sterile environment. As the audience at Life Itself watched BAB functioning in a sterile environment, Taylor showed videos of the pearly white mass called a ghost heart begin to pinken.
Can we grow a personalized human heart?
Its the first shot at truly curing the number one killer of men, women and children worldwide heart disease. And then I want to make it available to everyone, said Taylor to audience applause.
She never gave up, said Michael Golway, lead inventor of BAB and president and CEO of Advanced Solutions, which designs and creates platforms for building human tissues.
At any point, Dr. Taylor could have easily said Im done, this just isnt going to work. But she persisted for years, fighting setbacks to find the right type of cells in the right quantities and right conditions to enable those cells to be happy and grow.
Taylors fascination with growing hearts began in 1998, when she was part of a team at Duke University that injected cells into a rabbits failed heart, creating new heart muscle. As trials began in humans, however, the process was hit or miss.
We were putting cells into damaged or scarred regions of the heart and hoping that would overcome the existing damage, she told CNN. I started thinking: What if we could get rid of that bad environment and rebuild the house?
Taylors first success came in 2008 when she and a team at the University of Minnesota washed the cells out of a rats heart and began to work with the translucent skeleton left behind.
Soon, she graduated to using pigs hearts, due to their anatomical similarity to human hearts.
We took a pigs heart, and we washed out all the cells with a gentle baby shampoo, she said. What was left was an extracellular matrix, a transparent framework we called the ghost heart.
Then we infused blood vessel cells and let them grow on the matrix for a couple of weeks, Taylor said. That built a way to feed the cells we were going to add because wed reestablished the blood vessels to the heart.
The next step was to begin injecting the immature stem cells into the different regions of the scaffold, and then we had to teach the cells how to grow up.
We must electrically stimulate them, like a pacemaker, but very gently at first, until they get stronger and stronger. First, cells in one spot will twitch, then cells in another spot twitch, but they arent together, Taylor said. Over time they start connecting to each other in the matrix and by about a month, they start beating together as a heart. And let me tell you, its a wow moment!
But thats not the end of the mothering Taylor and her team had to do. Now she must nurture the emerging heart by giving it a blood pressure and teaching it to pump.
We fill the heart chambers with artificial blood and let the heart cells squeeze against it. But we must help them with electrical pumps, or they will die, she explained.
The cells are also fed oxygen from artificial lungs. In the early days all of these steps had to be monitored and coordinated by hand 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, Taylor said.
The heart has to eat every day, and until we built the pieces that made it possible to electronically monitor the hearts someone had to do it person and it didnt matter if it was Christmas or New Years Day or your birthday, she said. Its taken extraordinary groups of people who have worked with me over the years to make this happen.
But once Taylor and her team saw the results of their parenting, any sacrifices they made became insignificant, because then the beauty happens, the magic, she said.
Weve injected the same type of cells everywhere in the heart, so they all started off alike, Taylor said. But now when we look in the left ventricle, we find left ventricle heart cells. If we look in the atrium, they look like atrial heart cells, and if we look in the right ventricle, they are right ventricle heart cells, she said.
So over time theyve developed based on where they find themselves and grown up to work together and become a heart. Nature is amazing, isnt she?
As her creation came to life, Taylor began to dream about a day when her prototypical hearts could be mass produced for the thousands of people on transplant lists, many of whom die while waiting. But how do you scale a heart?
I realized that for every gram of heart tissue we built, we needed a billion heart cells, Taylor said. That meant for an adult-sized human heart we would need up to 400 billion individual cells. Now, most labs work with a million or so cells, and heart cells dont divide, which left us with the dilemma: Where will these cells come from?
The answer arrived when Japanese biomedical researcher Dr. Shinya Yamanaka discovered human adult skin cells could be reprogrammed to behave like embryonic or pluripotent stem cells, capable of developing into any cell in the body. The 2007 discovery won the scientist a Nobel Prize, and his induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), soon became known as Yamanaka factors.
Now for the first time we could take blood, bone marrow or skin from a person and grow cells from that individual that could turn into heart cells, Taylor said. But the scale was still huge: We needed tens of billions of cells. It took us another 10 years to develop the techniques to do that.
The solution? A bee-like honeycomb of fiber, with thousands of microscopic holes where the cells could attach and be nourished.
The fiber soaks up the nutrients just like a coffee filter, the cells have access to food all around them and that lets them grow in much larger numbers. We can go from about 50 million cells to a billion cells in a week, Taylor said. But we need 40 billion or 50 billion or 100 billion, so part of our science over the last few years has been scaling up the number of cells we can grow.
Another issue: Each heart needed a pristine environment free of contaminants for each step of the process. Every time an intervention had to be done, she and her team ran the risk of opening the heart up to infection and death.
Do you know how long it takes to inject 350 billion cells by hand? Taylor asked the Life Itself audience. What if you touch something? You just contaminated the whole heart.
Once her lab suffered an electrical malfunction and all of the hearts died. Taylor and her team were nearly inconsolable.
When something happens to one of these hearts, its devastating to all of us, Taylor said. And this is going to sound weird coming from a scientist, but I had to learn to bolster my own heart emotionally, mentally, spiritually and physically to get through this process.
Enter BAB, short for BioAssemblyBot, and an uber-sterile cradle created by Advance Solutions that could hold the heart and transport it between each step of the process while preserving a germ-free environment. Taylor has now taught BAB the specific process of injecting the cells she has painstakingly developed over the last decade.
When Dr. Taylor is injecting cells, it has taken her years to figure out where to inject, how much pressure to put on the syringe, and the best speed and pace to add the cells, said BABs creator Golway.
A robot can do that quickly and precisely. And as we know, no two hearts are the same, so BAB can use ultrasound to see inside the vascular pathway of that specific heart, where Dr. Taylor is working blind, so to speak, Golway added. Its exhilarating to watch there are times where the hair on the back of my neck literally stands up.
Taylor left academia in 2020 and is currently working with private investors to bring her creation to the masses. If transplants into humans in upcoming clinical trials are successful, Taylors personalized hybrid hearts could be used to save thousands of lives around the world.
In the US alone, some 3,500 people were on the heart transplant waiting list in 2021.
Thats not counting the people who never make it on the list, due to their age or heath, Taylor said. If youre a small woman, if youre an underrepresented minority, if youre a child, the chances of getting an organ that matches your body are low.
If you do get a heart, many people get sick or otherwise lose their new heart within a decade. We can reduce cost, we can increase access, and we can decrease side effects. Its a win-win-win.
Taylor can even envision a day when people bank their own stem cells at a young age, taking them out of storage when needed to grow a heart and one day even a lung, liver or kidney.
Say they have heart disease in their family, she said. We can plan ahead: Grow their cells to the numbers we need and freeze them, then when they are diagnosed with heart failure pull a scaffold off the shelf and build the heart within two months.
Im just humbled and privileged to do this work, and proud of where we are, she added. The technology is ready. I hope everyone is going to be along with us for the ride because this is game-changing.
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'Ghost heart': Built from the scaffolding of a pig and the ... - CNN
Stem Cells International | Hindawi
Research Article
09 Nov 2022
Aucubin Impeded Preosteoclast Fusion and Enhanced CD31hi EMCNhi Vessel Angiogenesis in Ovariectomized Mice
Ziyi Li|Chang Liu|...|Peng Xue
Osteogenesis is tightly correlated with angiogenesis during the process of bone development, regeneration, and remodeling. In addition to providing nutrients and oxygen for bone tissue, blood vessels around bone tissue also secrete some factors to regulate bone formation. Type H vessels which were regulated by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) were confirmed to couple angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Recently, preosteoclasts have been identified as the most important source of PDGF-BB. Therefore, inhibiting osteoclast maturation, improving PDGF-BB secretion, stimulating type H angiogenesis, and subsequently accelerating bone regeneration may be potent treatments for bone loss disease. In the present study, aucubin, an iridoid glycoside extracted from Aucuba japonica and Eucommia ulmoides, was found to inhibit bone loss in ovariectomized mice. We further confirmed that aucubin could inhibit the fusion of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)+ preosteoclasts into mature osteoclasts and indirectly increasing angiogenesis of type H vessel. The underlying mechanism is the aucubin-induced inhibition of MAPK/NF-B signaling, which increases the preosteoclast number and subsequently promotes angiogenesis via PDGF-BB. These results prompted that aucubin could be an antiosteoporosis drug candidate, which needs further research.
Review Article
07 Nov 2022
The Influence of Intervertebral Disc Microenvironment on the Biological Behavior of Engrafted Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Jing Zhang|Wentao Zhang|...|Zhonghai Li
Intervertebral disc degeneration is the main cause of low back pain. Traditional treatment methods cannot repair degenerated intervertebral disc tissue. The emergence of stem cell therapy makes it possible to regenerate and repair degenerated intervertebral disc tissue. At present, mesenchymal stem cells are the most studied, and different types of mesenchymal stem cells have their own characteristics. However, due to the harsh and complex internal microenvironment of the intervertebral disc, it will affect the biological behaviors of the implanted mesenchymal stem cells, such as viability, proliferation, migration, and chondrogenic differentiation, thereby affecting the therapeutic effect. This review is aimed at summarizing the influence of each intervertebral disc microenvironmental factor on the biological behavior of mesenchymal stem cells, so as to provide new ideas for using tissue engineering technology to assist stem cells to overcome the influence of the microenvironment in the future.
Research Article
07 Nov 2022
CD44v6+ Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Maintain Stemness Properties through Met/cJun/Nanog Signaling
Wei Chen|Ronghua Wang|...|Bin Cheng
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are characterized by their self-renewal and differentiation abilities. CD44v6 is a novel CSC marker that can activate various signaling pathways. Here, we hypothesized that the HGF/Met signaling pathway promotes stemness properties in CD44v6+ hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells via overexpression of the transcription factor, cJun, thus representing a valuable target for HCC therapy. Magnetic activated cell sorting was used to separate the CD44v6+ from CD44v6- cells, and Met levels were regulated using lentiviral particles and the selective Met inhibitor, PHA665752. An orthotopic liver xenograft tumor model was used to assess the self-renewal ability of CD44v6+ cells in immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were also conducted using cJun-overexpressing 293 T cells to identify the exact binding site of cJun in the Nanog promoter. Our data demonstrate that CD44v6 is an ideal surface marker of liver CSCs. CD44v6+ HCC cells express higher levels of Met and possess self-renewal and tumor growth abilities. Xenograft liver tumors were smaller in nude mice injected with shMet HCC cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver tissue specimens revealed that high Met levels in HCC cells were associated with poor patient prognosis. Further, a cJun binding site was identified 1700 bp upstream of the Nanog transcription start site and mutation of the cJun binding site reduced Nanog expression. In conclusion, the HGF/Met signaling pathway is important for maintenance of stemness in CD44v6+ HCC cells by enhancing expression of cJun, which binds 1700 bp upstream of the Nanog transcription start site.
Research Article
26 Oct 2022
Stage-Dependent Regulation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Odontogenic Differentiation by Transforming Growth Factor-1
Yu Bai|Xin Liu|...|Wenxi He
Transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1) is an important multifunctional cytokine with dual effects on stem cell differentiation. However, the role of TGF-1 on odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) remains to be entirely elucidated. In the present study, we initially investigated the effect of TGF-1 at a range of concentrations (0.1-5ng/mL) on the proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of DPSCs. Subsequently, to determine the effect of TGF-1 on odontogenic differentiation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining assays at different concentrations and time points were performed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were used to determine the levels of odonto-/osteo-genic differentiation-related gene and protein expression, respectively. For in vivo studies, newly formed tissue was assessed by Massons trichrome and von Kossa staining. Data indicated that TGF-1 inhibited DPSCs proliferation in a concentration-and time-dependent manner () and induced cell cycle arrest but did not affect apoptosis. ALP activity was enhanced, while ARS reduced gradually with increasing TGF-1 concentrations, accompanied by increased expression of early marker genes of odonto-/osteo-genic differentiation and decreased expression of late-stage mineralization marker genes (). ALP expression was elevated in the TGF-1-treatment group until 14 days, and the intensity of ARS staining was attenuated at days 14 and 21 (). Compared with the control group, abundant collagen but no mineralized tissues were observed in the TGF-1-treatment group in vivo. Overall, these findings indicate that TGF-1 promotes odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs at early-stage while inhibiting later-stage mineralization processes.
Research Article
20 Oct 2022
miR-31 from Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Alleviates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Inhibiting NFAT5 and Upregulating the Wnt/-Catenin Pathway
Baodong Wang|Na Xu|...|Yang Cao
In this study, we explored the regulatory mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) that involves miR-31 shuttled by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (BMSC-EVs) and its downstream signaling molecules. Nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were isolated and treated with TNF- to simulate IDD in vitro. The TNF--exposed NPCs were then cocultured with hBMSCs or hBMSC-EVs in vitro to detect the effects of hBMSC-EVs on NPC viability, apoptosis, and ECM degradation. Binding between miR-31 and NFAT5 was determined. A mouse model of IDD was prepared by vertebral disc puncture and injected with EVs from hBMSCs with miR-31 knockdown to discern the function of miR-31 in vivo. The results demonstrated that hBMSC-EVs delivered miR-31 into NPCs. hBMSC-EVs enhanced NPC proliferation and suppressed cell apoptosis and ECM degradation, which was associated with the transfer of miR-31 into NPCs. In NPCs, miR-31 bound to the 3UTR of NFAT5 and inhibited NFAT5 expression, leading to activation of the Wnt/-catenin pathway and thus promoting NPC proliferation and reducing cell apoptosis and ECM degradation. In addition, miR-31 in hBMSC-EVs alleviated the IDD in mouse models. Taken together, miR-31 in hBMSC-EVs can alleviate IDD by targeting NFAT5 and activating the Wnt/-catenin pathway.
Review Article
20 Oct 2022
Variability in Platelet-Rich Plasma Preparations Used in Regenerative Medicine: A Comparative Analysis
Raghvendra Vikram Tey|Pallavi Haldankar|...|Ravindra Maradi
Background. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and its derivatives are used in several aesthetic, dental, and musculoskeletal procedures. Their efficacy is primarily due to the release of various growth factors (GF), interleukins, cytokines, and white blood cells. However, the PRP preparation methods are highly variable, and studies lack consistency in reporting complete procedures to prepare PRP and characterize PRP and its derivatives. Also, all the tissue-specific (in vivo and in vitro) interactions and functional properties of the various derivatives/factors of the PRP have not been taken into consideration by any study so far. This creates a potential space for further standardization of the PRP preparation methods and customization of PRP/PRP derivatives targeted at tissue-specific/pathology specific requirements that would enable efficacious and widely acceptable usage of PRP as main therapy, rather than being used as adjuvant therapy. The main objective of our study was to investigate the variability in PRP preparation methods and to analyze their efficacy and reliability. Method. This study considered articles published in the last 5 years, highlighting the variability in their PRP preparation methods and characterization of PRP. Following the PRISMA protocol, we selected 13 articles for the study. The selected articles were assessed using NHLBI quality assessment tool. Results. We noted differences in (1) approaches to producing PRP, (2) extent of characterization of PRP, (3) small scale and large-scale preparation methods, (4) in vitro and in vivo studies. Conclusion. We identified two studies describing the procedures which are simple, reproducible, economical, provide a good yield of platelets, and therefore can be considered methods for further tissue-specific and pathology-specific standardizations of PRP and its derivatives. We recommend further randomized studies to understand the full therapeutic potential of the constituents of PRP and its derivatives.
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Stem Cells International | Hindawi
Stem Cell Differentiation | Stem Cells | Tocris Bioscience
Stem Cell Differentiation Target Files
Stem cell differentiation involves the changing of a cell to a more specialized cell type, involving a switch from proliferation to specialization. This involves a succession of alterations in cell morphology, membrane potential, metabolic activity and responsiveness to certain signals. Differentiation leads to the commitment of a cell to developmental lineages and the acquisition of specific functions of committed cells depending upon the tissue in which they will finally reside. Stem cell differentiation is tightly regulated by signaling pathways and modifications in gene expression.
Stem cells can be categorized into groups depending on their ability to differentiate.
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells that differentiate as a result of signaling mechanisms. These are tightly controlled by most growth factors, cytokines and epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling. ESCs divide into two cells: one is a duplicate stem cell (the process of self-renewal) and the other daughter cell is one which will differentiate. The daughter cells divides and after each division it becomes more specialized. When it reaches a mature cell type downstream (for example, becomes a red blood cell) it will no longer divide. The ability of ESCs to differentiate is currently being researched for the treatment of many diseases including Parkinson's disease and cancer.
Adult or 'somatic' stem cells are thought to be undifferentiated. Their primary role is to self-renew and maintain or repair the tissue in which they reside.
View all pluripotent stem cell resources available from Bio-Techne.
Regenerative medicine is the repair or replacement of damaged or diseased tissue to restore normal tissue function. This blog post discusses the development of a new cell therapy product derived from PSCs for regenerative medicine use in Parkinson's disease.
Neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a source of considerable therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases. This blog post outlines the development of a small molecule-based protocol for the differentiation of human induced PSCs into functional cortical neurons.
Tocris offers the following scientific literature for Stem Cell Differentiation to showcase our products. We invite you to request* your copy today!
*Please note that Tocris will only send literature to established scientific business / institute addresses.
This product guide provides a background to the use of small molecules in stem cell research and lists over 200 products for use in:
Written by Kirsty E. Clarke, Victoria B. Christie, Andy Whiting and Stefan A. Przyborski, this review provides an overview of the use of small molecules in the control of stem cell growth and differentiation. Key signaling pathways are highlighted, and the regulation of ES cell self-renewal and somatic cell reprogramming is discussed. Compounds available from Tocris are listed.
Stem cells have potential as a source of cells and tissues for research and treatment of disease. This poster summarizes some key protocols demonstrating the use of small molecules across the stem cell workflow, from reprogramming, through self-renewal, storage and differentiation to verification. Advantages of using small molecules are also highlighted.
Written by Rebecca Quelch and Stefan Przyborski from Durham University (UK), this poster describes the isolation of pluripotent stem cells, their maintenance in culture, differentiation, and the generation and potential uses of organoids.
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Stem Cell Differentiation | Stem Cells | Tocris Bioscience
Adult Stem Cells // Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine …
Adult stem cells, also called somatic stem cells, are undifferentiated cells that are found in many different tissues throughout the body of nearly all organisms, including humans. Unlike embryonic stem cells, which can become any cell in the body (called pluripotent), adult stem cells, which have been found in a wide range of tissues including skin, heart, brain, liver, and bone marrow are usually restricted to become any type of cell in the tissue or organ that they reside (called multipotent). These adult stem cells, which exist in the tissue for decades, serve to replace cells that are lost in the tissue as needed, such as the growth of new skin every day in humans.
Scientists discovered adult stem cells in bone marrow more than 50 years ago. These blood-forming stem cells have been used in transplants for patients with leukemia and several other diseases for decades. By the 1990s, researchers confirmed that nerve cells in the brain can also be regenerated from endogenous stem cells. It is thought that adult stem cells in a variety of different tissues could lead to treatments for numerous conditions that range from type 1 diabetes (providing insulin-producing cells) to heart attack (repairing cardiac muscle) to neurological disease (regenerating lost neurons in the brain or spinal cord).
Efforts are underway to stimulate these adult stem cells to regenerate missing cells within damaged tissues. This approach will utilize the existing tissue organization and molecules to stimulate and guide the adult stem cells to correctly regenerate only the necessary cell types. Alternatively, the adult stem cells could be isolated from the tissue and grown outside of the body, in cultures. This would allow the cells to be easily manipulated, although they are often relatively rare and difficult to grow in culture.
Because the isolation of adult stem cells does not result in the destruction of human life, research involving adult stem cells does not raise any of the ethical issues associated with research utilizing human embryonic stem cells. Thus, research involving adult stem cells has the potential for therapies that will heal disease and ease suffering, a major focus of Notre Dames stem cell research. Combined with our efforts with induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine will advance the Universitys mission to ease suffering and heal disease.
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Adult Stem Cells // Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine ...
What are Stem Cells? – Types, Applications and Sources – BYJUS
Stem cells are special human cells that can develop into many different types of cells, from muscle cells to brain cells.
Stem cells also have the ability to repair damaged cells. These cells have strong healing power. They can evolve into any type of cell.
Research on stem cells is going on, and it is believed that stem cell therapies can cure ailments like paralysis and Alzheimers as well. Let us have a detailed look at stem cells, their types and their functions.
Also Read: Gene Therapy
Stem cells are of the following different types:
The fertilized egg begins to divide immediately. All the cells in the young embryo are totipotent cells. These cells form a hollow structure within a few days. Cells in one region group together to form the inner cell mass. This contains pluripotent cells that make up the developing foetus.
The embryonic stem cells can be further classified as:
These stem cells are obtained from developed organs and tissues. They can repair and replace the damaged tissues in the region where they are located. For eg., hematopoietic stem cells are found in the bone marrow. These stem cells are used in bone marrow transplants to treat specific types of cancers.
These cells have been tested and arranged by converting tissue-specific cells into embryonic cells in the lab. These cells are accepted as an important tool to learn about the normal development, onset and progression of the disease and are also helpful in testing various drugs. These stem cells share the same characteristics as embryonic cells do. They also have the potential to give rise to all the different types of cells in the human body.
These cells are mainly formed from the connective tissues surrounding other tissues and organs, known as the stroma. These mesenchymal stem cells are accurately called stromal cells. The first mesenchymal stem cells were found in the bone marrow that is capable of developing bones, fat cells, and cartilage.
There are different mesenchymal stem cells that are used to treat various diseases as they have been developed from different tissues of the human body. The characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells depend on the organ from where they originate.
Following are the important applications of stem cells:
This is the most important application of stem cells. The stem cells can be used to grow a specific type of tissue or organ. This can be helpful in kidney and liver transplants. The doctors have already used the stem cells from beneath the epidermis to develop skin tissue that can repair severe burns or other injuries by tissue grafting.
A team of researchers have developed blood vessels in mice using human stem cells. Within two weeks of implantation, the blood vessels formed their network and were as efficient as the natural vessels.
Stem cells can also treat diseases such as Parkinsons disease and Alzheimers. These can help to replenish the damaged brain cells. Researchers have tried to differentiate embryonic stem cells into these types of cells and make it possible to treat diseases.
The adult hematopoietic stem cells are used to treat cancers, sickle cell anaemia, and other immunodeficiency diseases. These stem cells can be used to produce red blood cells and white blood cells in the body.
Stem Cells originate from different parts of the body. Adult stem cells can be found in specific tissues in the human body. Matured cells are specialized to conduct various functions. Generally, these cells can develop the kind of cells found in tissues where they reside.
Embryonic Stem Cells are derived from 5-day-old blastocysts that develop into embryos and are pluripotent in nature. These cells can develop any type of cell and tissue in the body. These cells have the potential to regenerate all the cells and tissues that have been lost because of any kind of injury or disease.
To know more about stem cells, their types, applications and sources, keep visiting BYJUS website.
Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to cure or prevent a disease or condition. The damaged cells are repaired by the generated stem cells, which can also hasten the healing process in the injured tissue. These cells are essential for the regeneration and transplanting of tissue.
Stem cells have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types. Totipotent stem cells come from an early embryo and can differentiate into all possible types of stem cells.
The four types of stem cells are the embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells taken from tissues and developing organs. They can replace and restore damaged tissues. Example hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
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What are Stem Cells? - Types, Applications and Sources - BYJUS
Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market (2022 to 2027) – Growth, Trends, Covid-19 Impact and Forecasts – ResearchAndMarkets.com – Business Wire
DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market - Growth, Trends, Covid-19 Impact, and Forecasts (2022 - 2027)" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.
The Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market is projected to register a CAGR of 8.4% during the forecast period (2022 to 2027).
Companies Mentioned
Key Market Trends
The Drug Development Segment is Expected to Hold a Major Market Share in the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market.
By application, the drug development segment holds the major segment in the induced pluripotent stem cell market. Various research studies focusing on drug development studies with induced pluripotent stem cells have been on the rise in recent years.
For instance, an article titled "Drug Development and the Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Disease Modeling and Drug Toxicity Screening" published in the International Journal of Molecular Science in October 2020 discussed the broad use of iPSC derived cardiomyocytes for drug development in terms of adverse drug reactions, mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, and the need for efficient drug screening protocols.
Another article published in the Journal of Cells in December 2021 titled "Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell as a Disease Modeling and Drug Development Platform-A Cardiac Perspective" focused on methods to reprogram somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells and the solutions to overcome the immaturity of the human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cardiomyocytes to mimic the structure and physiological properties of adult human cardiomyocytes to accurately model disease and test drug safety. Thus, this increase in the research of induced pluripotent stem cells for drug development and drug modeling is likely to propel the segment's growth over the study period.
Furthermore, as per an article titled "Advancements in Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery Using iPSC-Derived Hepatocyte-like Cells" published in the Multi-Disciplinary Publishing Institute journal of Cells in March 2022, preserved differentiation and physiological function, amenability to genetic manipulation via tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, and availability for high-throughput screening, make induced pluripotent stem cell systems increasingly attractive for both mechanistic studies of disease and the identification of novel therapeutics.
North America is Expected to Hold a Significant Share in the Market and Expected to do Same in the Forecast Period
The rise in the adoption of highly advanced technologies and systems in drug development, toxicity testing, and disease modeling coupled with the growing acceptance of stem cell therapies in the region are some of the major factors driving the market growth in North America.
The United States Food and Drug Administration in March 2022 discussed the development of strategies to improve cell therapy product characterization. The agency focused on the development of improved methods for testing stem cell products to ensure the safety and efficacy of such treatments when used as therapies.
Likewise, in March 2020, the Food and Drug Administration announced that ImStem drug IMS001, which uses AgeX's pluripotent stem cell technology, would be available for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Similarly, REPROCELL introduced a customized iPSC generation service in December 2020, as well as a new B2C website to promote the "Personal iPS" service. This service prepares and stores an individual's iPSCs for future injury or disease regeneration treatment.
Thus, the increasing necessity for induced pluripotent stem cells coupled with increasing investment in the health care department is known to propel the growth of the market in this region.
Key Topics Covered:
1 INTRODUCTION
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 MARKET DYNAMICS
4.1 Market Overview
4.2 Market Drivers
4.2.1 Increase in Research and Development Activities in Stem Cells Therapies
4.2.2 Surge in Adoption of Personalized Medicine
4.3 Market Restraints
4.3.1 Lack of Awareness Regarding Stem Cell Therapies
4.3.2 High Cost of Treatment
4.4 Porter's Five Force Analysis
5 MARKET SEGMENTATION
5.1 By Derived Cell Type
5.2 Application
5.3 End User
5.4 Geography
6 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
6.1 Company Profiles
7 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND FUTURE TRENDS
For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/ylzwhr
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Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market (2022 to 2027) - Growth, Trends, Covid-19 Impact and Forecasts - ResearchAndMarkets.com - Business Wire
Bone Marrow market estimated to reach US$13899.60 Million during the forecast period – Digital Journal
ThisBone Marrow MarketReport provides details on Recent New Developments, Trade Regulations, Import-Export Analysis, Production Analysis, Value Chain Optimization, Market Share, Impact of Domestic and Localized Market Players, Analyzes opportunities in terms of emerging revenue pockets, changing market regulations, strategic market growth analysis, market size, market category growth, niche and application dominance, product endorsements, product launches, geographic expansions , technological innovations in the market.For more information on the bone marrow market, please contact Data Bridge Market Research for a summary of theanalyst, our team will help you make an informed market decision to achieve market growth.
Bone Marrow Market is expected to experience market growth during the forecast period of 2021 to 2028. Data Bridge Market Research analyzes that the market is growing with a CAGR of 5.22% during the forecast period of 2021 to 2028 and it is projected to reach USD 13,899.60 Million by 2028. The increasing number of bone marrow diseases will help accelerate the growth of the bone marrow market.Bone marrow transplant also called hematopoietic stem cell.It is a soft vascular tissue present inside the long bones.It includes two types of stem cells, namely hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells.The bone marrow is primarily responsible for hematopoiesis (blood cell formation), lymphocyte production, and fat storage.
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The main factors driving the growth of the bone marrow market during the forecast period are the growth in the incidence of non-Hodgkins and Hodgkins lymphoma, thalassemia, and leukemia, as well as common bone marrow diseases worldwide, developments in technology and improvements.in health infrastructure.In addition, advanced signs of bone marrow transplantation for cardiac and neural disorders, increased funding for logistics services, and rising health care spending per capita are some of the other factors expected to further drive growth. growth of the bone marrow market in the coming years.years.However, the high costs of treatment,
Key Players Covered in the Bone Marrow Market Report are AGendia, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Ambrilia Biopharma Inc., Astellas Pharma Inc., diaDexus, Illumina, Inc., QIAGEN, F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Sanofi, Stryker Corporation, PromoCell GmbH, STEMCELL Technologies Inc., Lonza, ReachBio LLC, AllCells, ATCC, Lifeline Cell Technology, Conversant bio, HemaCare, Mesoblast Ltd., Merck KGaA, Discovery Life Sciences, ReeLabs Pvt. Ltd., Gamida Cell, among others national and global players.Market share data is available separately for Global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA), and South America.DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.
For More Information On Market Analysis, View Research Report Summary At :-https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-bone-marrow-market
Bone MarrowMarket Scope and Market Size
The bone marrow market is segmented based on transplant type, disease indication, and end user.Growth between these segments will help you analyze weak growth segments in industries and provide users with valuable market overview and market insights to help them make strategic decisions to identify leading market applications.
Country-level analysis of thebone marrow market
The bone marrow market is analyzed and information is provided on market size and trends by country, transplant type, disease indication, and end user, as mentioned above.Countries Covered in Bone Marrow Market Report are USA, Canada, and Mexico, North America, Germany, France, UK, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Rest of Europe in Europe, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific (APAC) in the Asia-Pacific region (APAC), Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates , South Africa, Egypt, Israel, Rest of the Middle East and Africa (MEA) under Middle East and Africa (MEA), Brazil,
Europe dominates the bone marrow market due to the proliferation of innovative health centers.Furthermore, the health systems have introduced bone marrow transplantation in their contributions and state-of-the-art public facilities that will further drive the growth of the bone marrow market in the region during the forecast period.North America is expected to witness significant growth in the bone marrow market due to increasing cases of chronic diseases such as blood cancer.In addition, the increase in the geriatric population is one of the factors that is expected to drive the growth of the bone marrow market in the region in the coming years.
Explore Full TOC At:- https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/toc/?dbmr=global-bone-marrow-market
The country section of the Bone Marrow market report also provides individual market impact factors and regulatory changes in the country market that affect current and future market trends.Data points such as consumption volumes, production sites and volumes, import and export analysis, price trend analysis, raw material cost, Downstream and Upstream value chain analysis are some of the main indicators used to forecast the scenario. of the market for each country.Additionally, the presence and availability of global brands and the challenges they face due to significant or rare competition from local and national brands,
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Bone Marrow market estimated to reach US$13899.60 Million during the forecast period - Digital Journal
3D Printers in Zero-G Flights? There Have Been a Few of Those – 3DPrint.com
In 2011, Made In Space created the first 3D printer for microgravity; what sounded like science fiction suddenly became a reality. Since then, at least 15 experimental 3D printers have been tested aboard Zero-G flights worldwide. Powered by companies, academic institutions, and space agencies, this type of 3D printing research has been successful, from a few printers occasionally tested between 2011 and 2018 to half a dozen in 2022 alone.
Looking back at 2011, we might remember it as a year of transition for the space industry, chiefly because it was the beginning of the end for NASAs Space Shuttle program, which took its final flight in July of that year. With a budget trim to go with it, NASA would soon turn to private industry for many of its space needs. One company, in particular, was keen to leave its mark. Known today as the firm that creates 3D printers for the International Space Station (ISS), Made In Space came out of Singularity University looking to fill a space manufacturing gap.
At its core, Made In Space founders believed that 3D printing and in-space manufacturing would dramatically change the way we look at space exploration, commercialization, and mission design today.
Like Made In Space (now part of Redwire), other companies also decided to test their 3D printing technology in parabolic flights. For example, in 2016, engineering firm and regular NASA contractor Techshot (also acquired by Redwire) partnered with manufacturer nScrypt to create the first microgravity bioprinter and tested it in an aircraft flown by the Zero Gravity Corporation, which operates weightless flights from U.S. airports.
Flying at 30,000 ft (roughly 9,144 meters) over the Gulf of Mexico, the plane simulated weightlessness while the bioprinter created cardiac and vascular structures using human stem cells. Like Made In Space, Techshot and nScrypt later sent the bioprinter to the ISS U.S. National Laboratory, where astronauts are using it for manufacturing human knee cartilage test prints and other human tissue.
The idea of manufacturing in space has long posed several obvious challenges, primarily gravity issues, quality controls, and raw material sourcing. However, once in place, in-situ manufacturing has the potential to relax the dependence on resource resupply from Earth, making survival in space a little bit easier.
For decades, in-space manufacturing has been investigated as a method for producing parts and components in orbit that would otherwise be almost impossible to obtain immediately or at all. In the late 1960s, Soviet cosmonauts conducted the first welding experiments in space as part of their space manufacturing research. In the next decade, the United States began experimenting with space manufacturing in Skylab, the first space station launched by NASA.
But the gateway to space manufacturing lies in the investigations of parabolic flights that can reproduce gravity-free conditions in an aircraft right here on Earth. By alternating upward and downward arcs, they provide the necessary microgravity environment for scientists to conduct research without actually traveling to space. This simulated weightlessness may have started in the 1960s with the first flying space labs aboard U.S. military planes. Still, it has expanded to incorporate several private businesses, like US-based company Zero-G and French-based Novespace.
With more options to recreate the unique weightlessness of space, we have witnessed a series of printers that have been successfully tested in parabolic flights. For example, in late 2016, Luke Carter of the Advanced Materials and Processing Laboratory (AMP Lab) at the University of Birmingham demonstrated metal 3D printing in microgravity aboard three separate parabolic flights. By creating a printing process much like directed energy deposition (DED), and using aluminum wire as feedstock, Carter and his team made a near-net shape part.
Then in 2017, the Canadian Reduced Gravity Experiment Design Challenge (CAN-RGX), supported by the National Research Council and the Canadian Space Agency, chose two teams to test their 3D printing experiments in parabolic flights. Team AVAIL (Analyzing Viscosity and Inertia in Liquids) from the University of Toronto built a system that controls the flow of a viscous liquid (corn syrup, in this case) through 15 different nozzles, and Team iSSELab (Interfacial Science and Surface Engineering Lab), hailing from the University of Alberta, collected data from 3D printing materials in a reduced gravity environment.
The following year, a European parabolic flight aircraft in New Zealand took scientists from the Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) to test the first ceramic DLP 3D printer in microgravity. Following this successful event, NASA chose Associate Professor Gregory Whiting and his research group to test and model how 3D printing functional materials would work in lunar gravity. Whitings research group, the Boulder Experimental Electronics and Manufacturing Lab, geared up for two parabolic flights in 2021.
Around that time, engineering students of the Munich University of Applied Sciences built a 3D printer with an extruder to dispense a liquid photopolymer that took off on the European Space Agency (ESA)s 74th parabolic flight campaign from Paderborn-Lippstadt Airport in Germany.
A few memorable 3D printing experiments in zero gravity in 2022 include Space Foundrys testing of space-based electronic printing, supported by NASAs Flight Opportunities and Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) programs. In addition, UC Berkeley research teams tested the replicator, a light-based 3D printer, on May 10, printing more than 100 objects. Also, a German consortium tested out its patented 3D printing process and, for the first time, used metallic powders to 3D print in zero gravity.
This is just a taste of what is possible here on Earth, thanks to gravity-free flights. These and other experiments that took place in the last few years can be found below.
Stay up-to-date on all the latest news from the 3D printing industry and recieve information and offers from thrid party vendors.
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3D Printers in Zero-G Flights? There Have Been a Few of Those - 3DPrint.com
Stem cell-based therapy for human diseases | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy – Nature.com
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